Normally the first thing you would think is that you should use the host network in Docker but this loses the isolation, in that case I'd rather use LXC and a public IP or a full VM with public IP to avoid these issues.
Before you Start
I assume you have also ruled out any firewall issues on either end, that RTP or SIP signaling is not being blocked by either side.
1.) Key Settings in Docker/Ports
Before starting, I assume you have forwarded........