See below in the screenshot that copy is disabled by visual mode which enables automatically:

Fix it by setting this .vimrc option:

echo "set mouse-=a" >> ~/.vimrc

This sort of thing normally happens your python3 or pip3 has been updated, because you have to in order to use pip, but the newer pip now breaks compatibility with your old python (3.5 in this case).

There are a few solutions, the easiest is perhaps to upgrade to a newer OS with a newer distro provided Python 3 or to manually install a newer version of Python/OR use a PPA like deadsnakes that provides newer versions.

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/bin/pip3", line 11, in
    sys.exit(main())
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 11, in main
    from pip._internal.utils.entrypoints import _wrapper
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/utils/entrypoints.py", line 12
    f"pip{sys.version_info.major}",
                                 ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax


You may have a broken apt configure that calls for snap (which is not installed if you get the error below):

apt install coreutils

Reading state information... Done
E: Could not read response to hello message from hook [ ! -f /usr/bin/snap ] || /usr/bin/snap advise-snap --from-apt 2>/dev/null || true: Connection reset by peer
E: Could not read message separator line after handshake from [ ! -f /usr/bin/snap ] || /usr/bin/snap advise-snap --from-apt 2>/dev/null || true: Connection reset by peer
E: Could not read response to hello message from hook [ ! -f /usr/bin/snap ] || /usr/bin/snap advise-snap --from-apt 2>/dev/null || true: Connection reset by peer
E: Could not read message separator line after handshake from [ ! -f /usr/bin/snap ] || /usr/bin/snap advise-snap --from-apt 2>/dev/null || true: Connection reset by peer

Remove the 20snapd.conf profile:

mv /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20snapd.conf ~
 

If you get this error, it's usually because you don't have coreutils installed.

-bash: expr: command not found

Install coreutils and you'll be good:

apt-get -y install coreutils

Install exiftool:

apt install exiftool

Remove the metadata from "thefile.pdf":

exiftool -all= thefile.pdf


Warning: [minor] ExifTool PDF edits are reversible. Deleted tags may be recovered! - thefile.pdf
    1 image files updated


Metadata, in the context of PDFs, refers to a set of data that describes and gives information about other data. Essentially, it's data about the PDF that isn't necessarily visible when you open the document but can be extracted using specific tools or software. This might include information such as the author, document properties, editing history, and even comments.

Here are some of the benefits and security reasons to consider removing metadata from a PDF:

1. Privacy Protection: Metadata can contain personal information, such as the document's author, the software used to create it, and the system or computer on which it was created. By removing this information, you can protect your privacy, especially if the PDF will be shared publicly.

2. Confidentiality: In a corporate environment, metadata might reveal details about internal processes, review workflows, or internal comments. This could provide competitors with unintended insights.

3. Professionalism: Stray comments, annotations, or previous versions of the document can look unprofessional if unintentionally shared. Clean PDFs without unnecessary metadata present a more polished image.

4. Reduces File Size: Metadata, especially when accumulated over time or with embedded comments and annotations, can add to the file size. By removing unnecessary metadata, the PDF might become smaller and easier to share or upload.

5. Protect Intellectual Property: Metadata might reveal how a document was created, who worked on it, and other insights that could be of value to competitors or adversaries.

6. Avoid Accidental Disclosure: In legal settings, it's imperative not to disclose more than intended. Metadata can sometimes contain privileged or confidential information that isn't meant for the opposing counsel or the public.

7. Mitigate Security Risks: Some metadata, especially if embedded with links or scripts, can be a vector for security vulnerabilities. Cleaning up a PDF can be part of a broader strategy to maintain cybersecurity hygiene.

8. Standardization: For organizations that deal with a large volume of documents, standardizing the process of cleaning up metadata can ensure that all shared documents meet a consistent standard of privacy and professionalism.

9. Avoid Digital Footprints: If you're a researcher, activist, or anyone concerned about leaving a digital footprint, removing metadata is essential. It ensures that the origins of a document and its path of creation and modification remain hidden.

10. Regulatory Compliance: Certain industries or sectors have stringent rules about data protection and privacy. In some cases, it might be a regulatory requirement to strip metadata from documents before sharing.

haproxy is one of the best known and widely used Open Source load balancers out there and a strong competitor to nginx.  

haproxy is used by many large sites per Wikipedia:

HAProxy is used by a number of high-profile websites including GoDaddy, GitHub, Bitbucket,^[6] Stack Overflow,^[7] Reddit, Slack,^[8] Speedtest.net, Tumblr, Twitter^[9][10] and Tuenti^[11] and is used in the OpsWorks product from Amazon Web Services.^[12]

According to some stats data haproxy is even more popular than the AWS Elastic Load Balancer:

Step 1 - Install

apt install haproxy
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  acl ebtables galera-3 git git-man iproute2 less libatm1 libconfig-inifiles-perl libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl liberror-perl libjemalloc1 liblzo2-2 libuv1 lsof
  mariadb-common netcat netcat-traditional patch pigz runc socat squashfs-tools ubuntu-fan xdelta3
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
Suggested packages:
  vim-haproxy haproxy-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  haproxy
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 34 not upgraded.
Need to get 1116 kB of archives.
After this operation, 2374 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 haproxy amd64 1.8.8-1ubuntu0.13 [1116 kB]
Fetched 1116 kB in 2s (657 kB/s)  
perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
    LANGUAGE = (unset),
    LC_ALL = (unset),
    LANG = "C.UTF-8"
    are supported and installed on your system.
perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory
locale: Cannot set LC_MESSAGES to default locale: No such file or directory
locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory
Selecting previously unselected package haproxy.
(Reading database ... 20143 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../haproxy_1.8.8-1ubuntu0.13_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking haproxy (1.8.8-1ubuntu0.13) ...
Setting up haproxy (1.8.8-1ubuntu0.13) ...
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/haproxy.service → /lib/systemd/system/haproxy.service.
invoke-rc.d: could not determine current runlevel
invoke-rc.d: WARNING: No init system and policy-rc.d missing! Defaulting to block.
Processing triggers for systemd (237-3ubuntu10.57) ...
 

Step 2 - Configure haproxy.cfg file

vi /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg

Here is how the defaults of haproxy.cfg look:

global
        log /dev/log    local0
        log /dev/log    local1 notice
        chroot /var/lib/haproxy
        stats socket /run/haproxy/admin.sock mode 660 level admin expose-fd listeners
        stats timeout 30s
        user haproxy
        group haproxy
        daemon

        # Default SSL material locations
        ca-base /etc/ssl/certs
        crt-base /etc/ssl/private

        # Default ciphers to use on SSL-enabled listening sockets.
        # For more information, see ciphers(1SSL). This list is from:
        #  https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
        # An alternative list with additional directives can be obtained from
        #  https://mozilla.github.io/server-side-tls/ssl-config-generator/?server=haproxy
        ssl-default-bind-ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:!aNULL:!MD5:!DSS
        ssl-default-bind-options no-sslv3

defaults
        log     global
        mode    http
        option  httplog
        option  dontlognull
        timeout connect 5000
        timeout client  50000
        timeout server  50000
        errorfile 400 /etc/haproxy/errors/400.http
        errorfile 403 /etc/haproxy/errors/403.http
        errorfile 408 /etc/haproxy/errors/408.http
        errorfile 500 /etc/haproxy/errors/500.http
        errorfile 502 /etc/haproxy/errors/502.http
        errorfile 503 /etc/haproxy/errors/503.http
        errorfile 504 /etc/haproxy/errors/504.http


More info about configuring haproxy from the authors.

Let's add a frontend and backend

At the moment the load balancer does nothing and essentially has no usable configuration.  We're going to add a frontend that listens on localhost and is bound to port 8080.

The frontend itself is just the entry point for the user, the frontend is configured on a certain IP and port that we define and the next step is that we'll have to define a "backend" that is the actual source server (eg. our Apache running PHP or another application)

Add this frontend and backend config to the end of haproxy.cfg

frontend rttfrontend
  bind 0.0.0.0:8080
  default_backend rttbackendservers

backend rttbackendservers
  server backendserver01 127.0.0.1:80


 cache rttcache
   # Total size of the cache in MB
   total-max-size 500

   # Max size of any single item in bytes
   max-object-size 100000

   # Time to live for each item in seconds
   # This can be overridden with a Cache-Control header
   max-age 3000

This config allows you to scale out as much as you need, for example you could add dozens or hundreds of backend servers with different IPs and ports.

You may also want to add the "check" option after each server so requests won't be sent to dead or overloaded servers:

server rttbackendserver01 server.com:9000 check

We can make it more like a CDN by enabling cache, so the backend servers don't need to be contacted if we have a cache hit:

cache rttcache
   # Total size of the cache in MB
   total-max-size 500

   # Max size of any single item in bytes
   max-object-size 10000

   # Time to live for each item in seconds
   # This can be overridden with a Cache-Control header
   max-age 3000

In older versions like 1.8, the max-object-size option does not exist.

You'll find the cache doesn't work unless you set this option in your global config:

tune.bufsize 9999999

Here is an example of how much performance can be gained by using a caching frontend haproxy server:

In our first example below the page in question has not been cached and has a TTFB of 0.486955 seconds and total load time of .677587 seconds.

curl -k -o /dev/null -w "Connect: %{time_connect} TTFB: %{time_starttransfer} Total time: %{time_total} n" $site
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 16413  100 16413    0     0  24243      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 24207
Connect: 0.047765 TTFB: 0.486955 Total time: 0.677587

Now after we loaded the site and it is in the cache notice the difference in performance:

TTFB is now 0.090424 and total load time of .135752

TTFB is now 5.38X faster and load time was 4.99X faster!

curl -k -o /dev/null -w "Connect: %{time_connect} TTFB: %{time_starttransfer} Total time: %{time_total} n" $site
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 16413  100 16413    0     0   118k      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  118k
Connect: 0.044437 TTFB: 0.090424 Total time: 0.135752

 

How To enable Stats
 

By enabling stats we can check on things like how our cache is doing:

Add this to the globa section:

    stats socket ipv4@127.0.0.1:9999 level admin
    stats socket /var/run/hapee-lb.sock mode 666 level admin
 

You can echo commands via socat to see the status of things like you cache:

echo "show cache" | socat stdio /var/run/hapee-lb.sock
0x7f5f1ef9503a: rtt (shctx:0x7f5f1ef95000, available blocks:512000)
0x7f5f1ef950ac hash:3598866029 size:16657 (17 blocks), refcount:0, expire:25695
 

Here is a list of commands that can be sent:

echo "help" | socat stdio /var/run/hapee-lb.sock
Unknown command. Please enter one of the following commands only :
  help           : this message
  prompt         : toggle interactive mode with prompt
  quit           : disconnect
  show tls-keys [id|*]: show tls keys references or dump tls ticket keys when id specified
  set ssl tls-key [id|keyfile] <tlskey>: set the next TLS key for the <id> or <keyfile> listener to <tlskey>
  show errors    : report last request and response errors for each proxy
  disable agent  : disable agent checks (use 'set server' instead)
  disable health : disable health checks (use 'set server' instead)
  disable server : disable a server for maintenance (use 'set server' instead)
  enable agent   : enable agent checks (use 'set server' instead)
  enable health  : enable health checks (use 'set server' instead)
  enable server  : enable a disabled server (use 'set server' instead)
  set maxconn server : change a server's maxconn setting
  set server     : change a server's state, weight or address
  get weight     : report a server's current weight
  set weight     : change a server's weight (deprecated)
  show sess [id] : report the list of current sessions or dump this session
  shutdown session : kill a specific session
  shutdown sessions server : kill sessions on a server
  clear table    : remove an entry from a table
  set table [id] : update or create a table entry's data
  show table [id]: report table usage stats or dump this table's contents
  clear counters : clear max statistics counters (add 'all' for all counters)
  show info      : report information about the running process
  show stat      : report counters for each proxy and server
  show schema json : report schema used for stats
  show startup-logs : report logs emitted during HAProxy startup
  show resolvers [id]: dumps counters from all resolvers section and
                     associated name servers
  set maxconn global : change the per-process maxconn setting
  set rate-limit : change a rate limiting value
  set severity-output [none|number|string] : set presence of severity level in feedback information
  set timeout    : change a timeout setting
  show env [var] : dump environment variables known to the process
  show cli sockets : dump list of cli sockets
  show fd [num] : dump list of file descriptors in use
  show activity : show per-thread activity stats (for support/developers)
  disable frontend : temporarily disable specific frontend
  enable frontend : re-enable specific frontend
  set maxconn frontend : change a frontend's maxconn setting
  show servers state [id]: dump volatile server information (for backend <id>)
  show backend   : list backends in the current running config
  shutdown frontend : stop a specific frontend
  set dynamic-cookie-key backend : change a backend secret key for dynamic cookies
  enable dynamic-cookie backend : enable dynamic cookies on a specific backend
  disable dynamic-cookie backend : disable dynamic cookies on a specific backend
  show cache     : show cache status
  add acl        : add acl entry
  clear acl <id> : clear the content of this acl
  del acl        : delete acl entry
  get acl        : report the patterns matching a sample for an ACL
  show acl [id]  : report available acls or dump an acl's contents
  add map        : add map entry
  clear map <id> : clear the content of this map
  del map        : delete map entry
  get map        : report the keys and values matching a sample for a map
  set map        : modify map entry
  show map [id]  : report available maps or dump a map's contents
  show pools     : report information about the memory pools usage


This is a weird issue in Mint Ubuntu gnome that I've only seen on one system.  It may happen in your terminal or your browser but one program will just refuse to allow input from the keyboard.  I am not sure if it's some weird fluke on a strange keyboard by perhaps accidentally hitting a weird key combination.
 

1. In some windows the keyboard gets weird and only / and Esc seem to work.
2. / brings up quick find and sometimes Esc will close it
3. It seems like this is iBus's fault and closing it will fix it.

The takeway and solution

This seems to be because of the iBus language detector app that shows as your language in the panel eg. EN. After closing it the program with the issue was able to type and receive keyboard input again.

If you are installing ta-lib for Python and get this error then you can normally solve it by manually getting the ta-lib source files and compiling.

tar -zxvf ta-lib-0.4.0-src.tar.gz

cd ta-lib;./configure;make;make install

Collecting ta-lib
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/39/6f/6acaee2eac6afb2cc6a2adcb294080577f9983fbd2726395b9047c4e13ec/TA-Lib-0.4.26.tar.gz (272kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 276kB 1.6MB/s
Collecting numpy (from ta-lib)
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/45/b2/6c7545bb7a38754d63048c7696804a0d947328125d81bf12beaa692c3ae3/numpy-1.19.5-cp36-cp36m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl
Building wheels for collected packages: ta-lib
  Running setup.py bdist_wheel for ta-lib ... error
  Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('rn', 'n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" bdist_wheel -d /tmp/tmp2lq2a7a3pip-wheel- --python-tag cp36:
  /tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/setup.py:77: UserWarning: Cannot find ta-lib library, installation may fail.
    warnings.warn('Cannot find ta-lib library, installation may fail.')
  running bdist_wheel
  running build
  running build_py
  creating build
  creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
  creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  copying talib/test_stream.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  copying talib/test_func.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  copying talib/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  copying talib/abstract.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  copying talib/test_polars.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  copying talib/stream.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  copying talib/test_pandas.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  copying talib/test_abstract.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  copying talib/deprecated.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  copying talib/test_data.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  running build_ext
  building 'talib._ta_lib' extension
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
  x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -I/opt/include -I/opt/local/include -I/opt/homebrew/include -I/opt/homebrew/opt/ta-lib/include -I/home/theuseruseruser/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c talib/_ta_lib.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib/_ta_lib.o
  talib/_ta_lib.c:747:10: fatal error: ta-lib/ta_defs.h: No such file or directory
   #include "ta-lib/ta_defs.h"
            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
  compilation terminated.
  error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
 
  ----------------------------------------
  Failed building wheel for ta-lib
  Running setup.py clean for ta-lib
Failed to build ta-lib
Installing collected packages: numpy, ta-lib
  Running setup.py install for ta-lib ... error
    Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('rn', 'n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-sczgom82-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --user --prefix=:
    /tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/setup.py:77: UserWarning: Cannot find ta-lib library, installation may fail.
      warnings.warn('Cannot find ta-lib library, installation may fail.')
    running install
    /home/theuseruseruser/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py:37: SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning: setup.py install is deprecated. Use build and pip and other standards-based tools.
      setuptools.SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning,
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    copying talib/test_stream.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    copying talib/test_func.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    copying talib/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    copying talib/abstract.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    copying talib/test_polars.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    copying talib/stream.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    copying talib/test_pandas.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    copying talib/test_abstract.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    copying talib/deprecated.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    copying talib/test_data.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    running build_ext
    building 'talib._ta_lib' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
    x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -I/opt/include -I/opt/local/include -I/opt/homebrew/include -I/opt/homebrew/opt/ta-lib/include -I/home/theuseruseruser/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c talib/_ta_lib.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib/_ta_lib.o
    talib/_ta_lib.c:747:10: fatal error: ta-lib/ta_defs.h: No such file or directory
     #include "ta-lib/ta_defs.h"
              ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    compilation terminated.
    error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
    
    ----------------------------------------
Command "/usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('rn', 'n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-sczgom82-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --user --prefix=" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/



This has been a tried and true method for Windows because it is finicky with hardware changes without a reinstall (eg BSOD on boot is what happens 9/10 times unless you move to the same hardwar).  Surprisingly, if you use a QEMU VM and do a standard install, it has worked in every system I've thrown the drive in afterwards.

So the play is this, use a USB SSD, physical SATA drive plugged internally or for convenience, you could use a SATA to USB adapter on another computer to perform the install, before you move the actual drive to the destination computer (think of saving time and not having to go to another computer until the OS is installed or if you are building an image this way is easier than working with a physical machine initially).

In this example the drive you plugged in that needs Windows is "/dev/sdj". 

Just run this QEMU command, install normally and then bring the drive to the computer that needs to run it:

qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -smp 8 -m 8096 -drive file=/dev/sdj -cdrom Win10_1607_English_x64.iso
 

Change file=/dev/sdj to the dev of your drive and -cdrom to the .iso that you want to install from.

Be very careful about what filename you specify in dhcpd.conf if you get an error like this:

NBP filesize is 0 Bytes PXE-E23: Client received TFTP error from server.

If you specify "BOOTx64.efi" then the file had better not be called "BOOTx64.EFI" as it is case sensitive.  It's really a case of the file technically not existing.

You can verify this by checking your tftp logs:

routerOS in.tftpd[169277]: RRQ from 192.168.1.193 filename /BOOTx64.efi

Then check the actual name of the file:
BOOTx64.EFI  efi  EFI  grub.cfg  images  ldlinux.c32  libutil.c32  menu.c32  pxelinux.0  pxelinux.cfg  syslinux.efi

Whoops .EFI != .efi so let's fix it and then we boot OK:

mv BOOTx64.EFI BOOTx64.efi
 

1 - Install Vagrant

apt install vagrant

Make sure you have a supported Virtualization tool like Virtualbox or VMWare, Hyper-V etc..  It automatically detects and uses what you have.  Virtualbox has a lot of support here with tons of images.

2 - Init Vagrant

We'll init to have a Debian 10 box by default to show how quick and easy it is.

vagrant init generic/debian10


Wait for it to complete.

Now you can login and get testing.

This seems to have changed for RHEL 8 where a normal dracut to update your initramfs creates a system that only boots for the running kernel.  For example if you have Kernel 5 and then chroot into a RHEL 8 variant which uses kernel 4.18, and run dracut, it seems that by default the system will be unbootable.

It is also the case that if you move your RAID array or drives to another server that it will be unbootable, because dracut seems to only include modules needed for the current running kernel or system.

Take an example screen below, you'll see the dracut without -N which means --no-hostonly, is small and unbootable at 27M, at least in the circumstances that I describe (this issue does not seem to impact new Debian based installs).

If you find that your system is unbootable after a migration or chroot install and have a small initramfs, it's worth a shot to rebuild it with -N.  Also consider that you should check and update the grub.cfg and /etc/fstab to make sure the correct UUIDs are used and present.

You'll see the second example with -N produces an 89M initramfs which is essentially a rescue image that contains all possible kernel modules, which means it supports all possible devices, which is what we want.  I don't see why it's important to save 62M of space at the expense of the OS being unbootable.

This likely works for even older versions but I have only tested no 8,9,10.  It's quite impressive at how easy it is to upgrade from a very old version to the new version.  I would say that Debian version upgrades are some of the quickest and smoothest of any distro.

1.) Backup your /etc/apt/sources.list

cp /etc/apt/sources.list ~

Edit your /etc/apt/sources.list like this:

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main

2.) Update to Debian 11

apt update

apt dist-upgrade

3.) Reboot

After this reboot into the upgraded OS and new kernel that came with it.

If you plugin your phone to your computer and enable USB File Transfer/Allow on the phone side but the contents of your phone on the computer side are empty in the file manager, you probably don't have mtp-tools.  MTP or media transfer protocol is the standard protocol that most phones use to communicate over USB to the computer.

Just do this to fix it and get access to your files:

apt install mtp-tools

After that you should be able to access the internal storage of your Apple/Android phone, but you may need to reconnect the phone first.

Virtualbox is a very powerful tool, but for some use cases it is less than optimal.

Say you are in a work, lab or other environment where you are not alone on the physical network and there could be overlap of IPs, but you need all of your VMs to be contactable from your host, VMs need to communicate with each other, and VMs need internet.

NAT Network will give you VM to VM communication and internet, however, it is buggy and unstable.  It also doesn't allow host to VM communication without manual port forwarding.

NAT will give you internet only but no internet VM communication and the host cannot access these VMs without port forwarding

Bridged mode is the natural solution but this is undesirable in a shared environment, eg at work, in the class or anywhere you are testing or developing since this puts the VMs directly on the LAN with an IP from the LAN and becomes accessible by other machines/users on the LAN.

The Host Only Networking Solution

Host only networking is exactly as it sounds, however, we can do a few quick hacks on our host system to make this work perfectly for us.  By default you should have a vboxnet0 device adapter which will probably be assigned 192.168.56.1

As it is now, vboxnet0 allows VMs to communicate and your host to communicate with them but they have no internet at all because there is no gateway or DNS provided by the DHCP and your host does not route IPs in that range.  This is probably undesirable unless it is for security or forensics.

All we need to do is get our own DNS running on vboxnet0 and route the 192.168.56.0/24 range through our host machine's internet connection via NAT. 

Step 1 - Enable IP Forwarding + Routing

Disable systemd-resolved

This is a local listener on port 53 that will break DNSMasq.

systemctl disable systemd-resolved

#remember to stop it too!

systemctl stop systemd-resolved

You should manually enter your DNS into /etc/resolv.conf at this point.

#delete /etc/resolv.conf to be sure

rm /etc/resolv.conf

echo "nameserver 208.67.222.222" > /etc/resolv.conf


echo "nameserver 8.8.8.8" >> /etc/resolv.conf

**If you are using NetworkManager you need to disable DNS or it will break your /etc/resolv.conf on each restart

sed -i s/'[main]'/'[main]ndns=none'/ /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf

Install iptables if you don't have it already:

iptables-persistent will make sure the rules load on each reboot

sudo apt-get install iptables-persistent

Edit /etc/sysctl.conf

net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

Enable the change

sysctl -p

Install iptables if you don't already have it and add these rules:


iptables -I INPUT -i vboxnet0 -j ACCEPT
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.56.0/24 -j MASQUERADE

#save the iptables rules

iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4

Step 2 - Delete the hostonly DHCP server

The host only DHCP server has no possibility of being modified to provide a gateway or DNS which is what we probably want.  If you don't want that then you can skip the next steps.  Eg. if you want to statically assign your IP, gateway and DNS then you can stop here actually.

List the DHCP servers (find the name of our DHCP server for the host only)

VBoxManage list dhcpservers
NetworkName:    HostInterfaceNetworking-vboxnet0
Dhcpd IP:       192.168.56.100
LowerIPAddress: 192.168.56.101
UpperIPAddress: 192.168.56.254
NetworkMask:    255.255.255.0
Enabled:        Yes
Global Configuration:
    minLeaseTime:     default
    defaultLeaseTime: default
    maxLeaseTime:     default
    Forced options:   None
    Suppressed opts.: None
        1/legacy: 255.255.255.0
Groups:               None
Individual Configs:   None
 

Setup Our Host-Only Network

You could also just use the GUI under File -> Host Network Manager to do this.  Make sure that "Enable" under  DHCP Server is unchecked.

If you don't have one then create one by clicking "Create".  Then assign the Host-only network to a VM.

#I don't recommend trying to remove it, all that seemed to happen is it stopped showing any of the DHCP servers but they kept working and were re-enabled and recreated after a restart of vbox

VBoxManage dhcpserver remove --network=HostInterfaceNetworking-vboxnet0

Step 3 - Enable DNS

apt install dnsmasq
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Suggested packages:
  resolvconf
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  dnsmasq
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 587 not upgraded.
Need to get 16.5 kB of archives.
After this operation, 75.8 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 dnsmasq all 2.80-1.1ubuntu1.6 [16.5 kB]
Fetched 16.5 kB in 0s (44.9 kB/s)  
Selecting previously unselected package dnsmasq.
(Reading database ... 467267 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../dnsmasq_2.80-1.1ubuntu1.6_all.deb ...
Unpacking dnsmasq (2.80-1.1ubuntu1.6) ...
Setting up dnsmasq (2.80-1.1ubuntu1.6) ...
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/dnsmasq.service → /lib/systemd/system/dnsmasq.service.
Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.19) ...


Set the relevant options

#We set the gateway as being our vboxnet0 IP of 192.168.56.1
echo "dhcp-option=option:router,192.168.56.1" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf


#We set the DNS server as 192.168.56.1 (change if you need)

echo "dhcp-option=option:dns-server,192.168.56.1" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf

#We set the range of .2 to .150 (change as you need).  It is nice to have some unused IPs in case you want to set your own static IPs
echo "dhcp-range=192.168.56.2,192.168.56.150,12h" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf

# Set the interface to be vboxnet0 as we don't want this to be giving out IPs on the LAN!
echo "interface=vboxnet0" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf

Restart dnsmasq to enable the changes above

systemctl restart dnsmasq

#enable dnsmasq on start otherwise DNS and DHCP won't work

systemctl enable dnsmasq

Restart virtualbox to apply our DNS server changes

#this normally won't work so it is best to reboot the machine or you'll probably still find that the vbox DHCP server is being used despite us having disabled it

systemctl restart virtualbox

Final Setup Steps
 

One issue in all of this is the fact that DNSMasq will not start when it tries to bind to interface vboxnet0 because it isn't created by VBox until a VM with the host-only network starts.

You will want a script that does this when you login or when the system boots:

#this command will create the hostonly interface vboxnet0 and then assign the proper IP to it and put it up

VBoxManage hostonlyif create

ifconfig vboxnet0 192.168.56.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

# this command restarts dnsmasq as it will initially fail without vboxnet0 being present

systemctl restart dnsmasq


One other lazy thing you could do is put this in a cronjob that runs each minute (as root).

*/1 * * * * /usr/bin/systemctl restart dnsmasq

In this example we install debian 10 with --variant=minbase which gives us a minimal/tiny install.  Don't use variant if you want the full size install.


mkdir /tmp/deb10files
debootstrap --variant=minbase buster /tmp/deb10files/

Did you get an error?

debootstrap --variant=minbase buster /home/theuser/VMs/deb10files/
 

You'll get this error if you make a directory in your home directory, it's best to make it somewhere in /tmp or elsewhere.

/usr/sbin/debootstrap: 1609: cannot create /home/theuser/VMs/deb10files/test-dev-null: Permission denied
E: Cannot install into target '/home/theuser/VMs/deb10files' mounted with noexec or nodev

I: Keyring file not available at /usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg; switching to https mirror https://deb.debian.org/debian
I: Retrieving InRelease
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I: Checking component main on https://deb.debian.org/debian...
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I: Unpacking libnettle6:amd64...
I: Unpacking libp11-kit0:amd64...
I: Unpacking libpam-modules:amd64...
I: Unpacking libpam-modules-bin...
I: Unpacking libpam-runtime...
I: Unpacking libpam0g:amd64...
I: Unpacking libpcre3:amd64...
I: Unpacking perl-base...
I: Unpacking sed...
I: Unpacking login...
I: Unpacking passwd...
I: Unpacking libsystemd0:amd64...
I: Unpacking libudev1:amd64...
I: Unpacking sysvinit-utils...
I: Unpacking tar...
I: Unpacking tzdata...
I: Unpacking bsdutils...
I: Unpacking fdisk...
I: Unpacking libblkid1:amd64...
I: Unpacking libfdisk1:amd64...
I: Unpacking libmount1:amd64...
I: Unpacking libsmartcols1:amd64...
I: Unpacking libuuid1:amd64...
I: Unpacking mount...
I: Unpacking util-linux...
I: Unpacking liblzma5:amd64...
I: Unpacking zlib1g:amd64...
I: Configuring required packages...
I: Configuring debian-archive-keyring...
I: Configuring libaudit-common...
I: Configuring libsemanage-common...
I: Configuring ncurses-base...
I: Configuring gcc-8-base:amd64...
I: Configuring libc6:amd64...
I: Configuring libudev1:amd64...
I: Configuring libsepol1:amd64...
I: Configuring libattr1:amd64...
I: Configuring libtasn1-6:amd64...
I: Configuring debianutils...
I: Configuring mawk...
I: Configuring libdebconfclient0:amd64...
I: Configuring base-files...
I: Configuring libbz2-1.0:amd64...
I: Configuring base-passwd...
I: Configuring libdb5.3:amd64...
I: Configuring libtinfo6:amd64...
I: Configuring bash...
I: Configuring libzstd1:amd64...
I: Configuring liblzma5:amd64...
I: Configuring libgpg-error0:amd64...
I: Configuring libgcc1:amd64...
I: Configuring liblz4-1:amd64...
I: Configuring libc-bin...
I: Configuring ncurses-bin...
I: Configuring libacl1:amd64...
I: Configuring libunistring2:amd64...
I: Configuring libsmartcols1:amd64...
I: Configuring libgcrypt20:amd64...
I: Configuring zlib1g:amd64...
I: Configuring libffi6:amd64...
I: Configuring libidn2-0:amd64...
I: Configuring libcom-err2:amd64...
I: Configuring diffutils...
I: Configuring libseccomp2:amd64...
I: Configuring libsystemd0:amd64...
I: Configuring hostname...
I: Configuring libpcre3:amd64...
I: Configuring libcap-ng0:amd64...
I: Configuring libext2fs2:amd64...
I: Configuring libgmp10:amd64...
I: Configuring libp11-kit0:amd64...
I: Configuring libaudit1:amd64...
I: Configuring libuuid1:amd64...
I: Configuring libss2:amd64...
I: Configuring libncursesw6:amd64...
I: Configuring libnettle6:amd64...
I: Configuring gpgv...
I: Configuring libblkid1:amd64...
I: Configuring libstdc++6:amd64...
I: Configuring bsdutils...
I: Configuring libhogweed4:amd64...
I: Configuring e2fsprogs...
I: Configuring libselinux1:amd64...
I: Configuring libgnutls30:amd64...
I: Configuring sed...
I: Configuring libfdisk1:amd64...
I: Configuring findutils...
I: Configuring libmount1:amd64...
I: Configuring libapt-pkg5.0:amd64...
I: Configuring libsemanage1:amd64...
I: Configuring tar...
I: Configuring coreutils...
I: Configuring fdisk...
I: Configuring dpkg...
I: Configuring grep...
I: Configuring perl-base...
I: Configuring init-system-helpers...
I: Configuring gzip...
I: Configuring debconf...
I: Configuring tzdata...
I: Configuring libpam0g:amd64...
I: Configuring dash...
I: Configuring libpam-modules-bin...
I: Configuring libpam-modules:amd64...
I: Configuring passwd...
I: Configuring libpam-runtime...
I: Configuring login...
I: Configuring adduser...
I: Configuring apt...
I: Configuring util-linux...
I: Configuring mount...
I: Configuring sysvinit-utils...
I: Configuring libc-bin...
I: Unpacking the base system...
I: Unpacking ca-certificates...
I: Unpacking libssl1.1:amd64...
I: Unpacking openssl...
I: Configuring the base system...
I: Configuring libssl1.1:amd64...
I: Configuring openssl...
I: Configuring ca-certificates...
I: Configuring libc-bin...
I: Configuring ca-certificates...
I: Base system installed successfully.

We can see the install was only 204M

root@thebox:/deb10files# du -hs /deb10files/
204M    /deb10files/



 

You can read lots of posts about this issue but there is not much information about why this is the case or how grub determines the root= device name.  Some even suggest modifying grub.cfg manually which is a disaster as the next kernel update will cause grub to revert back to the device name.

For most people this won't be an issue but those using template system, automated deployments and working in embedded may run into this issue with custom embedded and created minimal kernels/environments.

By default, grub will WANT or TRY to use the UUID as the root device, UNLESS in /etc/default/grub you enable the feature of GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true (usually it is not there at all or it is just commented out).

Then there is /etc/grub.d which scripts are called when you run update grub.  The one we really care about is the 10_linux file.

It doesn't matter if your fstab is updated to use UUID, this script doesn't care about fstab or the current root filesystem.

What it does is look for entries in /dev/disk/by-uuid and if it finds a UUID for the root device it will assign it like normal eg. root=UUID=theUUIDhere

/dev/disk/by-uuid is really just a series of UUIDs in that directory that are symlinked to their actual device name, this is how the grub 10_linux script associates the UUID to the root device and sets up the root=UUID. 

However, if it does not find a UUID entry in /dev/disk/by-uuid then it falls back to using the actual raw device name whether it be /dev/md2 or /dev/sda1 or /dev/vda1 etc...

Here is an easy way to restore things if you have the starting point and size of each partition using fdisk:

In this example we pretend that /dev/sda was wiped out, but the running system still has the info in /sys/class/block/sda

Go into each partition and record the "start" and "size"


hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda/sda1 $ cat start
2048
hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda/sda1 $ cat size
2097152



hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda $ cat sda2/start
2099200
hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda $ cat sda2/size
62914560



hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda $ cat sda3/start
65013760
hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda $ cat sda3/size
520923740


Now create the same 3 partitions at the same starting point and with the same size using fdisk:

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x8e7672df.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):

Using default response p.
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-585524838, default 2048): 2048
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-585524838, default 585524838): 2097152

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1023 MiB.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):

Using default response p.
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (2097153-585524838, default 2099200): 2099200
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-585524838, default 585524838): 62914560

Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 29 GiB.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):

Using default response p.
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 65013760
Value out of range.
Partition number (3,4, default 3):
First sector (2097153-585524838, default 62916608): 65013760
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (65013760-585524838, default 585524838): 520923740

Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 217.4 GiB.


This can be a real pain when automating things and you do an apt install and some packages ask a lot of questions.

Make sure you set this variable when running:

DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive

Remember as well that if chrooting you will want to run like this:


DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt install -y yourpackagename

Remember that control connections are established on port 1723 and then actual data is transferred over GRE protocol 47.

If you have a NAT setup this will work without special forwarding or accepting of GRE packets (normally if you are not blocking outgoing connections and accepting established and related connections).

The below two commands will get things going so PPTP and GRE work

We first load the ip_nat_pptp module which allows PPTP to work with NAT and then we need to enable the connection tracking helper.

modprobe ip_nat_pptp
sysctl -w net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_helper=1
 

Have you checked your router/firewall logs and disconcertingly see connections to an unknown IP 207.246.119.209:3478 from your Grandstream VOIP phones?

You're not alone and the Grandstream forums have discussed this issue.

However, even their own staff do not seem to be aware or are not disclosing what this connection is.

It is Grandstream's GDMS.cloud UCM Remote connect feature

This is the establishment to the STUN server and you can find their list of servers/info here.

It allows you to remotely provision and manage your devices and is enabled by default at least on later/newer firmware versions.  While this is a great feature and helpful for provisioning, it is still concerning since there is no obvious warning or disclosure on this when purchasing the phone.  It represents a huge tradeoff of security/privacy vs convenience.

The concern is that Grandstream, the government and hackers could potentially compromise your phone, your calls and even your network is it is essentially a back door to your network despite being on a protected LAN and firewall.  Others share the same concern here: https://www.voip-info.org/forum/threads/grandstream-backdoor.24096/

How To Disable The Remote 3478 Connection

Under "Advanced Settings" -> Enable TR-069 disable it by setting to to "No" and then click "Apply".

Manual Edit Cannot Disable

You can remove the P8209 entry or make it null or change it, and upload the config file, but the firmware seems to just default back and re-enable the STUN server.  The only solution is to block any DNS lookups to that host and block all traffic to that UDP port.

So say you happen to have 2 NICs of the exact same chipset, they will generally show up as the same name, with possibly a different revision in lspci.  Normally this is not an issue if you have a server with 4 NICs, generally the eth0 to eth3 appears from left to the right (or right to left on some vendors) so it doesn't take much figuring out.

Generally if you have different chipsets for different NICs, it should be easy to know which one is eth0 or the first NIC in the OS.

In our case below eth0 will be the 01:00.0 PCI device but this doesn't help since we don't know which one is the onboard one or which one is the second one plugged into the motherboard by PCI x4

01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 15)
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 11)


Solution Just use lscpi -v which will often reveal it in the DeviceName

As you can see for the 02:00.0 device below, the DeviceName is "Onboard Realtek LAN".  This is important if you are creating a device that needs to be on different networks.  Also note that many often assume that the Onboard NIC will always be eth0 but in the case we show that the onboard NIC is eth1 and the add-on NIC was eth0 which is unexpected for some.

01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 15)
    Subsystem: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. TP-Link TG-3468 v4.0 Gigabit PCI Express Network Adapter
    Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16
    I/O ports at e000 [size=256]
    Memory at 81304000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
    Memory at 81300000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
    Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3
    Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
    Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 01
    Capabilities: [b0] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=4 Masked-
    Capabilities: [d0] Vital Product Data
    Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
    Capabilities: [140] Virtual Channel
    Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number
    Capabilities: [170] Latency Tolerance Reporting
    Capabilities: [178] L1 PM Substates
    Kernel driver in use: r8169
    Kernel modules: r8169

02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 11)
    DeviceName:  Onboard Realtek LAN
    Subsystem: Acer Incorporated [ALI] RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller
    Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 19
    I/O ports at d000 [size=256]
    Memory at 81200000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
    Memory at a0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
    Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3
    Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
    Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 01
    Capabilities: [b0] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=4 Masked-
    Capabilities: [d0] Vital Product Data
    Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
    Capabilities: [140] Virtual Channel
    Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number
    Capabilities: [170] Latency Tolerance Reporting
    Kernel driver in use: r8169
    Kernel modules: r8169


If you find your NAT Network is not working properly, the first thing you may want to do is list the networks, check their status and make sure the Network is actually started and configured as you expect (eg. is DHCP on and enabled?).

This is a long known, unresolved bug that seems to affect Version 6 randomly and disportionately on especially Mint 20/Ubuntu 18.

https://www.virtualbox.org/ticket/14748?cversion=0&cnum_hist=8

If the below doesn't help or work the best course of action is to power off the VMs, create a new Nat Network and assign the new Nat Network to the VMs and that normally fixes it.

List NAT Networks:

VBoxManage natnetwork list
NAT Networks:

Name:        NatNetwork1
Network:     10.10.10.0/24
Gateway:     10.10.10.1
IPv6:        No
Enabled:     Yes

1 network found


Start NAT Network:

VBoxManage natnetwork       start --netname

Stop NAT Network:

VBoxManage natnetwork       stop --netname
 

Create NAT Network:

VBoxManage natnetwork       add --netname
                            --network
                            [--enable|--disable]
                            [--dhcp on|off]
                            [--port-forward-4 ]
                            [--loopback-4 ]
                            [--ipv6 on|off]
                            [--port-forward-6 ]
                            [--loopback-6 ]

Delete NAT Network

VBoxManage natnetwork       remove --netname

Make changes to NAT Network

VBoxManage natnetwork       modify --netname
                            [--network ]
                            [--enable|--disable]
                            [--dhcp on|off]
                            [--port-forward-4 ]
                            [--loopback-4 ]
                            [--ipv6 on|off]
                            [--port-forward-6 ]
                            [--loopback-6 ]
 

https://docs.oracle.com/en/virtualization/virtualbox/6.0/user/vboxmanage-natnetwork.html

Are you new to the company, datacenter or a third party who is responsible for deploying a fleet of servers from scratch.

The first step is to normally login to the KVM so you can perhaps manually reinstall, PXE boot the Cloud Image or reimage/reinstall an OS but you need access to the KVM/IP or what Dell calls iDRAC.

It's common that you may have forgotten this information or that another employee or colleague has changed the info and did not tell you, that they have left the company/project and no ones knows it.

Default Dell iDRAC Login Information

The default user information is normally as follows per Dell.

username: root

password: calvin

We can assume that calvin was someone important to the devs or perhaps one of them!

How To Reset the Dell iDRAC Password

You'll need physical direct access or someone with it (eg. your favorite datacenter technician) OR if you have a separate KVM/IP solution that is literally plugged into the VGA and USB, giving you remote access without needing iDRAC.

1.) This varies by server model but the general process is to power on or reboot the server and smash F2 until you get into the BIOS/SETUP

2.) Navigate to the iDRAC Settings -

3.) At this point you can either default everything which wil restore the default root/calvin login information or you can go to "User Settings" and change the username and password.

*Also be sure that the user is set to "Enabled" and not "Disabled"

4.) Save the settings, and click the "Finish" Button in iDRAC config and then click on Exit to leave the BIOS and restart.

After this the new password should be active and enabled.

Reset Password Didn't Work and You Can't Login to DRAC still?

Make sure you did Step #4 above

RAC0212: Login failed. Verify that username and password is correct.

If in doubt just reset to defaults and be sure the network settings are as you want them (eg. DHCP or Static).

Do you have access to some old Tesla GPUs and want to try them at home in your Desktop or old Server?  Some people have wanted to try these units for gaming but keep in mind they have no video out port, they were only meant for AI applications such as Deep Learning.

The easiest way by far is to choose an AI service that has everything ready to go, perhaps with a bunch of Docker or Kubernetes containers.  This can be done with Cloud services like Google, Amazon and many others, but the costs can be extremely high as in some cases, several times higher than using your own on-premise hardware, renting your own servers, or colocating your own servers.

In terms of learning or simply testing or trying to build your own development environment/test neural network setup this may be the way to go if you are experienced in building computers/modding/working on servers.

Why use GPU instead of CPU?

In general because even high-end CPUs cannot deliver the same performance for the dollar.

Check this comparison benchmark Ryzen CPU vs Nvidia GPU.

Issues with Tesla GPUs outside of their native habitat

Motherboard

Many older consumer grade motherboards, workstations and even servers may not work as you need PCI > 4GB 64-bit BAR support.

Cooling

"Native Habitat" generally means they were sold in custom built servers from vendors like HP, Dell, Supermicro where the actively cooling in the chassis would flow past the heatsinks in these models.  In plain English, these GPUs don't have their own cooling fans.

Some people have started selling custom fan adapters that will take something like 40MM or 80MM fans that are held in place at the back of the card that blow into the heatsink (this basically replicates what a server would be doing).

A ghetto way some have tried is to rip off the cover of the GPU, exposing the heatsink and then placing 2 fans directly alongside which has also been proven to work.

Power Supply

You need a strong enough power supply as most of these cards require 250W capability.  Some of the Tesla cards used custom EPS12V to power these.

If you are trying to use these cards in another server, you'll need to make sure that you have a riser or power output that is powerful enough.  You'll also have to be very careful not to short out the card or server, as many of the riser's have non-standard power and many of the adapter cables you may could be incorrect.

If in doubt it may be easier to get a model that uses standard PCI-e power connections.

List of GPUs by their power connector type:

Click on model name link for full Nvidia official spec PDF.

Which Systems/Motherboards/Servers are Supported?

Remember again it's not only a power and physical space issue but your motherboard must support > 4GB BAR which MANY do not.

Nvidia list: https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/news/geforce-rtx-30-series-resizable-bar-support/

This is a compilation of comments taken from the internet, I have not personally tested all of these combinations so use at your own risk.  Normally when they say supported, it means you'll still have to handle the cooling on your own.  Also keep in mind that many different workstations and servers may have power supply options.  One person may have said ABC System works but had the upgraded higher wattage power supply over standard so always double check these items.

Remember to also make sure you have the appropriate power connections/adapter cables.

According to some threads/forums:

HP Z620, Z440, Z640, Z820, Z840

Dell R720 Server

Supermicro CSE-118 /2027GR-TRFT/ 1027GR-TSF  Chassis with a motherboard like:

Supermicro  X10SRG-F

Supermicro X9DRG

Some say the X99 chipset often works for the Tesla's including some MSI boards.

Another way is if you can find something like "Above 4G Decoding" as a BIOS option you should be OK.

https://www.supermicro.com/en/support/resources/gpu

Dell R720 Caveats:

1.) The riser power 8-pin port appears to be EPS-12V but it is NOT.  It is keyed like EPS-12V but the pinout is more like a PCI-E 8 pin.  Others have fried their hardware by not understanding this.

When finding cables be careful, there are cables that plugin to the riser and give you PCI-E 8-PIN out but this will fry you, as remember most of the Tesla cards use EPS-12V.  You would only need that sort of cable if you were plugging in a more normal GPU which did use 8-PIN PCI power.

• Make sure that whatever cable you have has the yellow cables on top to the side that connects to the Tesla GPU
  
• Make sure that the cable connecting to the riser has the 3 yellow cables on the bottom.

2.) Dell R720/730 Cable Recommendations:

For the Tesla's with EPS-12V, perhaps the safest method is to combine the Dell Riser to GPU cable and then get the Tesla 2xPCI-E to EPS-12V adapter (not 1 or the other but both or you will fry your system).  This would not require any hack job wiring but does require two separate cables.

Option 1. Buy these 2 cables

This Dell part number 09H6FV/N08NH is ONLY good for normal PCI-E based GPUs (eg. RTX/GTX) amazon affil link

The above part connects to the riser in the server and gives you 2 x PCI-E power adapters.

Unless you combine it with the EPS-12V to 2xPCI-8 adapter.

The above part then connects to the EPS-12V on the Tesla card and then mates to the 2 PCI-E power connections from the riser cable.

Do not just buy the single Dell 09H6F without the adapter as you will fry your server!

Be aware again that anything that says Dell Riser to GPU cable is usually going to give you PCI-E which is NOT what you want for the Tesla's and will likely fry something!

Option 2. Possibly dangerous Hack Job using Corsair Type 4 CPU cable

Be careful with this one especially that you have the correct orientation and that you snip the correct wire.  Long-term results are unknown/is it safe that the 1 sense wire was snipped off?

 This is the part you want for the Tesla GPUs that use EPS-12V for the Dell 720/730 Riser Series.

If you want a hack job, some Youtube comments claim you can take a Corsair PSU Type 4 CPU cable but chop off the bottom right positive wire that connects to the riser side.  This is because as you can see with the Dell 720 Riser (the bottom right side pin is ground).  If you don't get this correct then you will short out the motherboard by sending 12V to a ground.

This does seem to be all backed up by the following diagram of the Corsair Type 4 CPU cable.

Which GPU should you choose based on performance?

Factors for how you choose will depend on your use case, workload (eg. how much VRAM do you require for the models you are running?), whether it is testing, budget, scale and the cost and availability of power at your datacenter/business center.

Tesla GPU Benchmark Comparison for Deep Learning

https://www.microway.com/hpc-tech-tips/deep-learning-benchmarks-nvidia-tesla-p100-16gb-pcie-tesla-k80-tesla-m40-gpus/

Ready Made Solutions

These are ready-built enterprise servers that accommodate either the PCI-e versions or SXM format Nvidia Tesla boards.

Servers support normally 4 PCI-e cards OR support 8 SXM boards.

• Gigabyte G190-G30 Server
• Dell PowerEdge C4140
• Dell PowerEdge C4130
• Nvidia DGX
• Supermicro SYS-4028GR-TVRT
• Supermicro SYS-1029GQ-TVRT
• GIGABYTE G481S80
• IBM S822LC 8335

References

https://forums.bit-tech.net/index.php?threads/mobos-that-work-with-tesla-k40m.368723/

https://cloud.google.com/compute/gpus-pricing

https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Business-PCs-Workstations-and-Point-of-Sale-Systems/Nvidia-Tesla-k40-pci-slot-which-one/td-p/7796334

https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Business-PCs-Workstations-and-Point-of-Sale-Systems/nvidia-TESLA-K40-not-working-in-Z820/td-p/7749456

https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Desktop-Hardware-and-Upgrade-Questions/Z820-PSU-alert-with-NVidia-Tesla-K80/td-p/8501937

https://blog.thomasjungblut.com/random/running-tesla-k80/

https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/kn07w8/tesla_k80_in_dell_r730_which_power_cable/

https://kenmoini.com/post/2021/03/fun-with-servers-and-gpus/

https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/tpymyf/help_with_installing_m40_in_r720/

https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/z4pwza/tesla_k80_in_an_hp_z620_question_about_card/

https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/comments/m6evvp/gaming_on_a_tesla_m40_gtx_titan_x_performance_for/

https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/pl2pga/tesla_m40_on_poweredge_r720/

https://www.dell.com/community/PowerEdge-Hardware-General/Dell-R720-6-pin-pcie-power/td-p/4218851

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFCQOMCHOzM (discussion about K80 in Dell R720)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qC7UdfQPMVI (discussion about M40 in Dell R720)

https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=a00114890en_us&docLocale=en_US&page=NVIDIA_Tesla_K40_and_K80_GPUs.html

https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Business-PCs-Workstations-and-Point-of-Sale-Systems/HP-Z620-dual-Xeon-Install-new-Graphic-card-Nvidia-power/td-p/6021214

https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Desktops-Archive-Read-Only/HP-Z620-gt-2-questions-regarding-6pin-gt-8pin/td-p/5727922

https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/590781/confirm-if-dell-poweredge-r720-power-port-mixes-pin-layout-wiring-of-pcie-and-ke

https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/fbwi2r/pro_tip_adding_a_gpu_to_dell_poweredge_servers/ (wrong info the Dell 720 Riser is not EPS-12V, it has the connector but the keying is like an 8-PIN PCI-e).

https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/590781/confirm-if-dell-poweredge-r720-power-port-mixes-pin-layout-wiring-of-pcie-and-ke

https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/bn3ube/power_cable_for_gpu_in_r720xd/

https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/w0kbo3/r720xd_with_tesla_m40_what_power_cable/

https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/zumlxz/nvidia_k80_in_dell_r720/

Later versions of ls try to be helpful and smart to prevent errors in dealing with files with spaces that were tradtionally a pain.

However if you need the raw/real filenames, this can break scripts or if you are pasting into a csv etc....

How do you make ls not add the quotes?

Add the capital "-N" switch

ls -N

You could also add an alias to make it more permanent

Do this to add it to ~/.bashrc

alias ls="ls -N"

This is an ongoing issue even with the latest Thunderbird 102.x where attachments downloaded via IMAP just won't save or will be corrupt which is a huge interruption to workflow or if you come back later to find out the file you thought you saved is invalid/corrupt and you have perhaps deleted the e-mail.

How to solve the Thunderbird filesize attachment issue?

1. Click on "Settings". then go to "General".

2. Scroll to the bottom to find "Config Editor".

3. Search for "mail.imap.mime_parts_on_demand" and set it to false.

4. Search for "browser.cache.memory.max_entry_size" and set it to 40000000

5. Remember to restart Thunderbird to apply the changes.

After that your attachments will download properly (hopefully!).

References: https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1268926

https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1589649

If you are converting a generic wifi IP camera to ethernet, it may not be that simple as many are default hard coded to a static IP of 192.168.1.168 and login info admin/admin.

From there you can login to the camera and assign it to DHCP by going to http://192.168.1.168

For security these cameras + DVR should be on a separate untagged VLAN or if possible a physically isolated non-internet connected switch/network.

The reference below is applicable to many of the random generic IP cameras from China.

Reference: https://www.herospeed.net/en/ver//Manual/IPC/IP%20Camera%20Quick%20Start%20Guide%20CK.pdf

If the above doesn't work and you don't know the IP. you can always use tcpdump or wireshark to figure out the IP address of the camera.

The easiest way for the current running kernel is:

update-initramfs -u -k `uname -r`

You could change -k to a specific kernel name if for some reason the current is not running (eg. if you are chrooted or in recovery mode).

If you want to update all kernels then use "-k all"

update-initramfs -k all -u


update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-5.4.0-162-generic
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-5.4.0-26-generic


What if initramfs fails because it tries to update a non-existent kernel that is not installed and not in /boot?

Sometimes old entries persist in /var/lib/initramfs-tools so the solution is to delete the invalid entry.  This is important is often DKMS or other updates when installing packages may want to rebuild initramfs for all known kernels but this will all fail if it tries to build an old non-existent kernel it finds in /var/lib/initramfs-tools

Sometimes due to your BIOS/EFI you may find that you have chosen "Energy Efficient" for your CPU which may effectively disable turbo mode.  This is because "Energy Efficient" will often restrict or throttle your CPU to the base speed.  This can impact nearly any CPU such as Intel's, AMDs, Opteron, Xeon etc...

This is of course frustrating, for example if you have a CPU that is 2.0GHz base speed but turbo to 2.5GHz, you will never hit more than 2GHz.  If you have a 3.6GHz CPU with turbo mode to 4GHz you may never hit more than the base 3.6GHZ.

Many people recommend using cpupower or cpufreq-set or cpupower which does work but can't easily apply to all cores/CPUs.

How To Check the current power setting / CPU governor:

We can see below that it is powersave, likely set by the BIOS, but fortunately we can change it ourselves.

cat  /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor
powersave
powersave
powersave
powersave
powersave
powersave
powersave
powersave
powersave
powersave
powersave
powersave

Here is the easiest solution way to set your CPU governor to performance to enable turbo mode:

echo performance | sudo tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor
 

Check again, we'll see that the CPU governor is set to performance now:

cat  /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor
performance
performance
performance
performance
performance
performance
performance
performance
performance
performance
performance
performance
 

How can you check your current CPU frequency?

Some parts of the internet falsely claim the /proc/cpuinfo does not display any turbo frequency or anything above base but this is not correct.

watch "cat /proc/cpuinfo|grep MHz"

You'll see updates every few seconds that show the frequency your CPU is running at.  Generate some activity by opening applications and other activities to try to make it hit higher frequencies.

It's best not to mix the two technologies.  Here is how to fix things but break Docker.

If you do an iptables -L you will notice even if you deleted all the Docker chains that the iptables FORWARD policy is enabled and is set to drop, this causes your VMs to not have networking, at least not outside the host machine.

Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Here is how to fix everything:

If your bridge interface is not br0 like below change it (eg. if it's vmbr0 then change it to that).

iptables -A FORWARD -p all -i br0 -j ACCEPT

or for blanket all

iptables --policy FORWARD ACCEPT

Now you'll see it has policy ACCEPT so the VM traffic will work:

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         

 

Delete the Docker chains

iptables  -X DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1


iptables -X DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2


iptables -X DOCKER


iptables -X DOCKER-USER

What Docker did to our machine with iptables:

root@nfs01:# iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain DOCKER (0 references)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1 (0 references)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2 (0 references)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain DOCKER-USER (0 references)
target     prot opt source               destination         


root@nfs01:# iptables  -X DOCKER
root@nfs01:# iptables  -X DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1
root@nfs01:# iptables -L^C
root@nfs01:# ping 192.168.11.240^C
root@nfs01:# iptables -X DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2
root@nfs01:# iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain DOCKER-USER (0 references)
target     prot opt source               destination         
root@nfs01:# iptables -X DOCKER-USER
root@nfs01:# iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)
target     prot opt source               destination         

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target     prot opt source               destination  

It sounds intuitive that you may just move the /var/lib/docker dir to another location and symlink it back but it won't work and you'll get an error.

How to move Docker Storage the Correct Way

This assumes that you want to use /mnt/raid as the new location.

1.) Stop Docker

systemctl stop docker

2.) Move /var/lib/docker

mv /var/lib/docker /mnt/raid/

3.) Edit the Docker daemon file

Specify the path you want in the data-root parameter eg.

data-data: /mnt/raid/docker

Edit the docker daemonfile.

vi /etc/docker/daemon.json


{
"data-root": "/mnt/raid/docker"
}


4.) Restart Docker

Restart Docker and now everything will be working out of the /mnt/raid/docker or whatever you specified in the daemon.json

PCI ID 2357:0138

First install your kernel headers/source:

sudo apt install linux-headers-`uname -r`

1.) Clone this git repo

git clone https://github.com/morrownr/88x2bu-20210702


2.) Run the install

cd 88x2bu-20210702

./install-driver.sh

3.) Load the driver

modprobe 88x2bu

# If you have an issue compiling with GCC 10, then try this.


apt install gcc-9


make CC=gcc-9 -j 4

10.2.1-6


root@routerOS:~/8821au-20210708# make -j 1
make ARCH=x86_64 CROSS_COMPILE= -C /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/build M=/root/8821au-20210708  modules
make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
  CC [M]  /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_cmd.o
gcc-10: internal compiler error: Segmentation fault signal terminated program cc1
Please submit a full bug report,
with preprocessed source if appropriate.
See <file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-10/README.Bugs> for instructions.
make[3]: *** [/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-common/scripts/Makefile.build:291: /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_cmd.o] Error 4
make[2]: *** [/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-common/Makefile:1846: /root/8821au-20210708] Error 2
make[1]: *** [/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-common/Makefile:185: __sub-make] Error 2
make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
make: *** [Makefile:2501: modules] Error 2

 

By default it uses raw .avi which takes a lot of space and will not play on a lot of systems.

It's best to change the codec to something like MP4.

Step 1.) File -> Preferences -> Screencast in Kazam

Step 2. ) Change Record With: to H264 (MP4)

After that you'll be able to record with a lower file size and have videos that play and work on most platforms.


Router#show license

Index 1 Feature: ipbasek9                       
    Period left: Life time
    License Type: Permanent
    License State: Active, In Use
    License Count: Non-Counted
    License Priority: Medium
Index 2 Feature: securityk9_npe                 
    Period left: Not Activated
    Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
    License Type: EvalRightToUse
    License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
    License Count: Non-Counted
    License Priority: None
Index 3 Feature: uck9                           
    Period left: Not Activated
    Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
    License Type: EvalRightToUse
    License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
    License Count: Non-Counted
    License Priority: None
Index 4 Feature: datak9                         
    Period left: Not Activated
    Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
    License Type: EvalRightToUse
    License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
    License Count: Non-Counted
    License Priority: None
Index 5 Feature: NtwkEssSuitek9_npe             
    Period left: Not Activated
    Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
    License Type: EvalRightToUse
    License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
    License Count: Non-Counted
    License Priority: None
Index 6 Feature: CollabProSuitek9_npe           
    Period left: Not Activated
    Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
    License Type: EvalRightToUse
    License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
    License Count: Non-Counted
    License Priority: None
Index 7 Feature: ios-ips-update                 
    Period left: Not Activated
    Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
    License Type: EvalRightToUse
    License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
    License Count: Non-Counted
    License Priority: None
Index 8 Feature: SNASw                          
    Period left: Not Activated
    Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
    License Type: EvalRightToUse
    License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
    License Count: Non-Counted
        License Priority: None
Index 9 Feature: cme-srst                       
    Period left: Not Activated
    Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
    License Type: EvalRightToUse
    License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
    License Count: 0/0  (In-use/Violation)
    License Priority: None
Index 10 Feature: mgmt-plug-and-play             
Index 11 Feature: mgmt-lifecycle                 
Index 12 Feature: mgmt-assurance                 
Index 13 Feature: mgmt-onplus                    
Index 14 Feature: mgmt-compliance                
 

Accept the agreement to enable the other services including CME/uck9

Router(config)#license boot technology-package uck9


Router(config)#license accept end user agreement
PLEASE  READ THE  FOLLOWING TERMS  CAREFULLY. INSTALLING THE LICENSE OR
LICENSE  KEY  PROVIDED FOR  ANY CISCO  PRODUCT  FEATURE  OR  USING SUCH
PRODUCT  FEATURE  CONSTITUTES  YOUR  FULL ACCEPTANCE  OF  THE FOLLOWING
TERMS. YOU MUST NOT PROCEED FURTHER IF YOU ARE NOT WILLING TO  BE BOUND
BY ALL THE TERMS SET FORTH HEREIN.

Use of this product feature requires  an additional license from Cisco,
together with an additional  payment.  You may use this product feature
on an evaluation basis, without payment to Cisco, for 60 days. Your use
of the  product,  including  during the 60 day  evaluation  period,  is
subject to the Cisco end user license agreement
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/general/warranty/English/EU1KEN_.html
If you use the product feature beyond the 60 day evaluation period, you
must submit the appropriate payment to Cisco for the license. After the
60 day  evaluation  period,  your  use of the  product  feature will be
governed  solely by the Cisco  end user license agreement (link above),
together  with any supplements  relating to such product  feature.  The
above  applies  even if the evaluation  license  is  not  automatically
terminated  and you do  not receive any notice of the expiration of the
evaluation  period.  It is your  responsibility  to  determine when the
evaluation  period is complete and you are required to make  payment to
Cisco for your use of the product feature beyond the evaluation period.

Your  acceptance  of  this agreement  for the software  features on one
product  shall be deemed  your  acceptance  with  respect  to all  such
software  on all Cisco  products  you purchase  which includes the same
software.  (The foregoing  notwithstanding, you must purchase a license
for each software  feature you use past the 60 days evaluation  period,
so  that  if you enable a software  feature on  1000  devices, you must
purchase 1000 licenses for use past  the 60 day evaluation period.)    

Activation  of the  software command line interface will be evidence of
your acceptance of this agreement.


ACCEPT? [yes/no]: yes

#do a wr first

do wr

Now reboot/reload

reload

The following license(s) are transitioning, expiring or have expired.
Features with expired licenses may not work after Reload.
Feature: securityk9_npe                 ,Status: transition, Period Left: 8  wks 3  days


Solution for python pip3 not working anymore

   from pip._internal.cli.main import main
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/cli/main.py", line 60
    sys.stderr.write(f"ERROR: {exc}")


wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/3.5/get-pip.py

python3 get-pip.py
DEPRECATION: Python 3.5 reached the end of its life on September 13th, 2020. Please upgrade your Python as Python 3.5 is no longer maintained. pip 21.0 will drop support for Python 3.5 in January 2021. pip 21.0 will remove support for this functionality.
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Collecting pip<21.0
  Downloading pip-20.3.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.5 MB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 1.5 MB 14.2 MB/s
Collecting wheel
  Downloading wheel-0.37.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (35 kB)
Installing collected packages: wheel, pip
Successfully installed pip-20.3.4 wheel-0.37.1


pip3 install --upgrade pip
DEPRECATION: Python 3.5 reached the end of its life on September 13th, 2020. Please upgrade your Python as Python 3.5 is no longer maintained. pip 21.0 will drop support for Python 3.5 in January 2021. pip 21.0 will remove support for this functionality.
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Requirement already satisfied: pip in ./.local/lib/python3.5/site-packages (20.3.4)
Collecting pip
  Using cached pip-20.3.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.5 MB)
  Downloading pip-20.3.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.5 MB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 1.5 MB 14.3 MB/s
 

pip3 install requests
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/user/.local/bin/pip3", line 7, in <module>
    from pip._internal.cli.main import main
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pip._internal'

As a quick and temp fix call the OS installed python and not the user .local/bin installed pip3

/usr/bin/pip3 install requests
Collecting requests
  Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/2d/61/08076519c80041bc0ffa1a8af0cbd3bf3e2b62af10435d269a9d0f40564d/requests-2.27.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (63kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 71kB 5.1MB/s
Collecting idna<4,>=2.5; python_version >= "3" (from requests)
  Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fc/34/3030de6f1370931b9dbb4dad48f6ab1015ab1d32447850b9fc94e60097be/idna-3.4-py3-none-any.whl (61kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 71kB 7.3MB/s
Collecting certifi>=2017.4.17 (from requests)
  Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1d/38/fa96a426e0c0e68aabc68e896584b83ad1eec779265a028e156ce509630e/certifi-2022.9.24-py3-none-any.whl (161kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 163kB 4.3MB/s
Collecting urllib3<1.27,>=1.21.1 (from requests)
  Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6f/de/5be2e3eed8426f871b170663333a0f627fc2924cc386cd41be065e7ea870/urllib3-1.26.12-py2.py3-none-any.whl (140kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 143kB 5.1MB/s
Collecting charset-normalizer~=2.0.0; python_version >= "3" (from requests)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/06/b3/24afc8868eba069a7f03650ac750a778862dc34941a4bebeb58706715726/charset_normalizer-2.0.12-py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: idna, certifi, urllib3, charset-normalizer, requests
Successfully installed certifi-2022.9.24 charset-normalizer-2.0.12 idna-3.4 requests-2.27.1 urllib3-1.26.12
 

You probably didn't do an "update-grub" and grub no longer has any proper menu entries, but before you can fix it let's try to get grub booting anyway.

If you get this lovely black grub screen here's how you can get things booting.

In my case I have a gpt partition with partition 1 and 2.  Partion 1 is just my EFI / ESP and partion 2 /dev/sda2 is my root which includes /boot.

You will have to adjust this if you had a separate /boot partition.  Partition 2 has my /boot and also my root so here's what you can do.

grub2 allows you to tab complete filenames so it's not too hard as you acn see below if you type:

linux (hd0,gpt2)/bo and tab complete.

How To Boot Grub Manually

1.) Setup Kernel

We type the location of our kernel and don't forget the root= parameter which specifies which device contains our root partition.

linux (hd0,gpt2)/boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-18-amd64 root=/dev/sda2

2.) Setup initrd

initrd (hd0,gpt2)/boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-18-amd64

3.) Now Boot

Just type "boot" and it will boot up, assuming you've given the correct files/paths/root device in the previous steps.

boot

Grub manual Boot Success

1.) Make sure your conf register is 0x2102

Do show version and at the very end of the output you will see the Configuration register. 

show version

Configuration register is 0x2102
 

If the config register is not 0x2102 then enter this command:

r1#configure terminal
r1(config)#config-register 0x2102
r1(config)#end

2.) Let's Erase the NVRAM/flash config settings

As below you'll just enter the "write erase" command and type "reload" and hit enter.

Once you hit reload the router will reboot and will no longer have the current-running config and will be factory defaulted.

r1#write erase
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all configuration files! Continue? [confirm]
[OK]
Erase of nvram: complete
r1#reload

Proceed with reload? [confirm]

System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


Readonly ROMMON initialized
program load complete, entry point: 0x80803000, size: 0x1b340
program load complete, entry point: 0x80803000, size: 0x1b340


IOS Image Load Test
___________________
Digitally Signed Release Software
program load complete, entry point: 0x81000000, size: 0x3ba8f3c
Self decompressing the image : ################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################ [OK]

Smart Init is enabled
smart init is sizing iomem
                 TYPE      MEMORY_REQ
    Onboard devices &
         buffer pools      0x0228F000
-----------------------------------------------
               TOTAL:      0x0228F000

Rounded IOMEM up to: 36Mb.
Using 7 percent iomem. [36Mb/512Mb]

              Restricted Rights Legend

Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted
Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph
(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer
Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.

           cisco Systems, Inc.
           170 West Tasman Drive
           San Jose, California 95134-1706



Cisco IOS Software, C2900 Software (C2900-UNIVERSALK9-M), Version 15.0(1)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2009 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Wed 02-Dec-09 15:23 by prod_rel_team
Image text-base: 0x21008F18, data-base: 0x258D4640


This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to United
States and local country laws governing import, export, transfer and
use. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not imply
third-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.
Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible for
compliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product you
agree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unable
to comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.

A summary of U.S. laws governing Cisco cryptographic products may be found at:
http://www.cisco.com/wwl/export/crypto/tool/stqrg.html

If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email to
export@cisco.com.

Installed image archive
Cisco CISCO2901/K9 (revision 1.0) with 487424K/36864K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID FTX1337Y536
2 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces
1 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Module
DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity enabled.
255K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
254464K bytes of ATA System CompactFlash 0 (Read/Write)


         --- System Configuration Dialog ---

Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: noEnjoyr

 

3.) Configure Your Router As Needed

Enjoy your fresh factory default Cisco device now :).

You can either hit yes or no above, but if you are experienced you likely want to hit no and configure everything as required.

It is a bit different and annoying here for these types of routers/models as you need to physically remove the CF (Compact Flash) and only then, will it enter ROMMON mode (Ctrl + Pause remotely over the console will not do it for us).  This means you cannot do this remotely, or at least not without the help of a remote/physical helper.

Step 1.) Power off, router and remove CF Disk Slot#2

Go to the router and remove the slot#2 cover uses your hand or it may help to use a flathead screwdriver.  Then push the left lever in twice to eject the CF flash.  You can let it sit partially in the slot so you don't lose it.

Step 2.) Power Back On and set the confreg 0x2142

Once you have entered ROMMON mode as below and the boot process is complete and you did the confreg, MAKE sure you now insert the CF disk back into the slot, BEFORE you RESET.

System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


Readonly ROMMON initialized
Compact Flash0: Not present

System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


Readonly ROMMON initialized
Compact Flash1: Not present

System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


Readonly ROMMON initialized
Compact Flash0: Not present

System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


Readonly ROMMON initialized
rommon 1 >

 

Step 3.) Reset/power back on

Follow the rest of the Cisco Password Reset Guide from here starting with Step 2

System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


Readonly ROMMON initialized
program load complete, entry point: 0x80803000, size: 0x1b340
program load complete, entry point: 0x80803000, size: 0x1b340


IOS Image Load Test
___________________
Digitally Signed Release Software
program load complete, entry point: 0x81000000, size: 0x3ba8f3c
Self decompressing the image : ################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################ [OK]

Smart Init is enabled
smart init is sizing iomem
                 TYPE      MEMORY_REQ
    Onboard devices &
         buffer pools      0x0228F000
-----------------------------------------------
               TOTAL:      0x0228F000

Rounded IOMEM up to: 36Mb.
Using 7 percent iomem. [36Mb/512Mb]

              Restricted Rights Legend

Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted
Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph
(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer
Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.

           cisco Systems, Inc.
           170 West Tasman Drive
           San Jose, California 95134-1706



Cisco IOS Software, C2900 Software (C2900-UNIVERSALK9-M), Version 15.0(1)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2009 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Wed 02-Dec-09 15:23 by prod_rel_team
Image text-base: 0x2100A1D8, data-base: 0x258D5900


This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to United
States and local country laws governing import, export, transfer and
use. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not imply
third-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.
Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible for
compliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product you
agree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unable
to comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.

A summary of U.S. laws governing Cisco cryptographic products may be found at:
http://www.cisco.com/wwl/export/crypto/tool/stqrg.html

If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email to
export@cisco.com.

Installed image archive
Cisco CISCO2901/K9 (revision 1.0) with 487424K/36864K bytes of memory.
Processor board ID FTX1337Y536
2 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces
1 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Module
DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity enabled.
255K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
254464K bytes of ATA System CompactFlash 0 (Read/Write)


         --- System Configuration Dialog ---

Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
% Please answer 'yes' or 'no'.
Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
 

1.) Create your EFI/ESP Partition

If you happen to have some free space on the drive already then this is easy, just create a new partition of at least 100M.

The nice thing about the EFI spec is that it must just be in the first 2.2TB of space so for most users, it means you can simply resize the last partition (downsize it by 100M) and then add an EFI partition at the end.

For example if you had this partition scheme:

/dev/sda1 = /

/dev/sda2 = swap

You could just downsize your swap partition or whatever the last partition is and then create a new partitiion as EFI/FAT32 at the end.  UEFI will still find and boot it even if it is not the first partition.

You could use gparted to achieve the above or from any other LiveCD like Ubuntu/Mint you could boot and manipulate the partition table as you need.

Format your EFI/ESP partition

Replace the xx with your info eg. if you had /dev/sda3 as your EFI partition then use mkfs.vfat /dev/sda3

mkfs.vfat /dev/sdxx

2.) chroot into your target root partition

How to properly chroot

3.) Install grub-efi first otherwise the target x86_64-efi won't exist and you won't be able to install the EFI boot loader.

apt install grub-efi

4.) Mount your ESP in /boot/efi

Remember the EFI boot loader calls for a partition type of vfat/fat32 and it can be at any location (eg. I have booted from ESP as partition#3).

mkdir -p /boot/efi

mount /dev/sda1 /boot/efi

5.) Install GRUB EFI like this:

Note that some platforms/devices/computers/laptops/servers will not boot if you don't use the --bootloader-id option and if you don't use the --no-uefi-secure-boot

Change /dev/sdx to your drive


If you are using secureboot do this:

grub-install --target=x86_64-efi /dev/sdx
Installing for x86_64-efi platform.
grub-install: warning: EFI variables are not supported on this system..
Installation finished. No error reported.


If you are not using secureboot do this:

grub-install --target=x86_64-efi /dev/sdx --no-uefi-secure-boot  --bootloader-id realtechtalk

Errors GRUB EFI won't boot or show at all or disappears from efibootmgr

The whole issue is that the grub efi binaries are hard coded to find the files in /EFI/debian for Debian for example or for Ubuntu it is /EFI/ubuntu.  If you use any bootloader-id other than those things won't work unless they exist.

To have a custom bootloader-id you need the hardcoded/default -bootloader-id in EFI/ and then you can install your customer one.  In essence --bootloader-id is broken as users have complained of for years.

This is usually caused by the issues mentioned in #4, especially installing without --bootloader-id  a lot of implementations of EFI will not boot if you don't set the --bootloader-id.

If you use a bootloader-id other than the default for the grub built for your OS eg. debian, ubuntu it will probably not work unless you use --no-uefi-secure-boot

GRUB Menu Won't Show or the EFI Computer says "No bootable disk/device"

If you have EFI/debian or EFI/ubuntu etc.. on your ESP/EFI partition and you are getting this message, it probably means your BIOS is bad/buggy.  Some EFI computers will only boot from a file called EFI/boot/bootx64.efi

You can see reports of even Asus computers and chipsets based on Z87 having this issue. 

How do you fix the problem?

Create EFI/boot on your ESP/EFI partition.

Then copy grubx64.efi from EFI/debian or EFI/ubuntu (whatever dir your EFI bootloader was installed to) to EFI/boot

Still keep your debian/ubuntu or whatever bootloader dirname you have in EFI.  Now your BIOS should pickup the file and then boot from the files it refers to in EFI/debian or EFI/ubuntu and work normally.

This is a bug as some old EFI implemenations will only boot from EFI/boot/bootx64.efi which is why a lot of OS's/distros like Ubuntu and even Microsoft Windows keep this structure.

Do you need a GPT partition table / does EFI support MBR partitions?

Yes, in my experience using an MBR partition is not an issue at all.

If you are in enable mode and make a typo, the router will treat it as a domain name and try to resolve it, and if it can't resolve it, you'll have to wait until it times out.

Here's how to solve the Translating domain server error in Cisco

Enter this in config mode:

no ip domain-lookup

Be sure to save the running-config afterwards.

How To Fix This Cisco Switch/Router Error %Error opening tftp

%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/network-confg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/cisconet.cfg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/router-confg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/ciscortr.cfg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/network-confg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/cisconet.cfg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/router-confg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/ciscortr.cfg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/network-confg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/cisconet.cfg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/router-confg (Permission denied)
%Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/ciscortr.cfg (Permission denied)


After the first boot and config of a static IP you may get this instead (Timed out):

%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/network-confg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/cisconet.cfg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/router-confg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/ciscortr.cfg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/network-confg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/cisconet.cfg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/router-confg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/ciscortr.cfg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/network-confg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/cisconet.cfg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/router-confg (Timed out)
%Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/ciscortr.cfg (Timed out)

These Cisco devices try to get various configs to save you time by assuming that the default gateway on the LAN is a tftp server that might provide these files.  If that's not the case it is annoying to use the console as you will end up waiting for those timeouts.

Just enter config mode to solve the tftp Error Opening tftp

en


conf t


no service config


exit

After this you won't get those tftp errors

I've seen this bizarrely happen on a newly partitioned and custom installed Linux install, particularly if you did not properly unmount before rebooting.

You can find reports of it happening on various

How to fix the error: invalid arch-independent ELF magic.

You need to boot into Live/Rescue mode, chroot into your OS properly and then do a grub-install on each drive that needs to be booted from.

How To Avoid The Error:

The solution to avoid the problem is to make sure that /boot and / are properly unmounted and I've never seen that error.  I have confirmed that it can even happen on a successful grub-install if you don't unmount properly.

To find which package a file is from just pass it the path to the file in question, whether it's a config file or binary, you'll find your answer (assuming it does belong to a package of course).

Just use dpkg -S /path/to/yourfile

How To Find Which Package The File Belongs To in Debian Mint Ubuntu Linux

eg.

dpkg -S /usr/bin/xed
xed: /usr/bin/xed


dpkg -S /etc/pam.conf
libpam-runtime: /etc/pam.conf
 

If you are doing a custom deployment and image, make sure that when you rsync'd or tar'd that you didn't mess up the symlnk of /etc/mtab to /proc/self/mounts

ln --force -s /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab

Will fix this

This article about migrating to a CentOS 7 /8 RAID mdadm array has a lot of info but I wanted to focus specifically on what newer versions of CentOS 7 require to boot mdadm and what changes are necessary on CentOS 7.8+

CentOS 7 / 8 mdadm RAID booting requirements

This assumes you are chrooting into an existing install or using it to get a new deployment ready.  However, these steps can fix existing mdadm installs that don't boot properly either (but you'll want to boot either into rescue or a Live environment and then chroot).

Check this if you need to learn how to chroot into your OS

1.) Install mdadm:

yum -y install mdadm

2.) Edit /etc/default grub like this

Without rd.auto=1 you will find that it won't be able to boot or assemble your RAID array.

Edit the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX line and add:

rd.auto=1

3.) Update your grub.cfg file

grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg

4.) Update your /etc/dracut.conf

Update your dracut.conf as this is critical for new kernels that you install, otherwise the initramfs will not contain mdraid and your array will be inaccessible.  You'll forget long after this, until you find your server can't boot after a kernel update!

Just uncomment and enable the "add_dracutmodules" to be like below:

add_dracutmodules+="mdraid"

5.) Update the existing initramfs files

You'll want to do this otherwise the initramfs is missing the mdadm kernel module, so your array won't be accessible and boot will fail.

For each initramfs in /boot you'll want to do this:

*Change the name of initramfs to match yours

dracut --add="mdraid" /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1127.13.1.el7.x86_64.img 3.10.0-1127.13.1.el7.x86_64 --force

Notice that after the initramfs full name, you need to take the full kernel name and place it, which in the example above was "3.10.0-1127.13.1.el7.x86_64" this is critical as if you miss the kernel name, it will create but just won't work and you'll still be unable to boot.

If you've done something wrong configuring your CentOS 7 8 mdadm RAID array you'll see something like this when you boot:

Warning: /dev/disk/by-uuid/ does not exist

Entering emergency mode.

Adding a default route is very simple with this command

Just replace 192.168.1.1 with the IP of your GW.

ip route add default via 192.168.1.1

How can you delete this default route if you messed it up?

It's just the opposite with "delete" instead of add

ip route del default via 192.168.1.1

This is the equivalent of the "route command's" route add default gw 192.168.1.1

Are you getting this error in CentOS 8 when trying to use yum to install a package?

Error: Failed to download metadata for repo 'appstream': Cannot prepare internal mirrorlist: No URLs in mirrorlist


What we need to do is not use the automatic mirror list and manually set the base URL

Solution

sed -i 's/mirrorlist/#mirrorlist/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS*


sed -i 's%#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org%baseurl=http://vault.centos.org%g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS*
 

We had to be creative above with the second sed as it was just easier to use a weird % as the delimiter for the sed statement, as the standard / would not work since the search and replace has a url with /'s in it.

After that run yum again and everything should work

cat /proc/mdstat


Personalities : [raid1] [raid10] [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md124 : inactive sdj1[0](S)
      1048512 blocks


Solution, we "run" the array

sudo mdadm --manage /dev/md124 --run
mdadm: started array /dev/md/0_0


If you are getting this error from systemctl "Loaded: masked (Reason: Unit hostapd.service is masked.)" we need to unmask the service.

Solution

systemctl unmask hostapd
Removed /etc/systemd/system/hostapd.service.


It's fixed

root@routerOS:/var/log# systemctl start hostapd
root@routerOS:/var/log# systemctl status hostapd
● hostapd.service - Access point and authentication server for Wi-Fi and Ethernet
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/hostapd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Sun 2022-09-25 00:40:28 EDT; 1s ago
       Docs: man:hostapd(8)
    Process: 101729 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/hostapd -B -P /run/hostapd.pid -B $DAEMON_OPTS ${DAEMON_CONF} (code=exited, status=0/SU>
   Main PID: 101730 (hostapd)
      Tasks: 1 (limit: 8814)
     Memory: 648.0K
        CPU: 153ms
     CGroup: /system.slice/hostapd.service
             └─101730 /usr/sbin/hostapd -B -P /run/hostapd.pid -B /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf

Sep 25 00:40:27 routerOS systemd[1]: Starting Access point and authentication server for Wi-Fi and Ethernet...
Sep 25 00:40:27 routerOS hostapd[101729]: Configuration file: /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf
Sep 25 00:40:27 routerOS hostapd[101729]: wlan0: interface state UNINITIALIZED->COUNTRY_UPDATE
Sep 25 00:40:27 routerOS hostapd[101729]: Using interface wlan0 with hwaddr 00:00:00:00:00:00 and ssid "rttwireless"
Sep 25 00:40:28 routerOS hostapd[101729]: wlan0: interface state COUNTRY_UPDATE->ENABLED
Sep 25 00:40:28 routerOS hostapd[101729]: wlan0: AP-ENABLED
Sep 25 00:40:28 routerOS systemd[1]: Started Access point and authentication server for Wi-Fi and Ethernet.


Just an FYI that the installer ignores your selection of Boot Loader, as it was intended for MBR/Legacy.  The installer horribly, even when choosing "Something Else" and manually partitioning and creating an EFI in your install drive, will still install grub to the first EFI partition it finds, even if you are following a guide like this to avoid wiping out the MBR/Bootloader and to install the EFI boot loader to the correct partition for Linux Mint/Ubuntu/Debian .

Normally if you have Windows or another OS installed on the primary drive, it will overwrite the Windows Boot Loader no matter what you tell it.

Solution

Here is how you can fix your Linux on the destination drive by fixing the EFI boot loader/partition and reinstalling grub correctly.

There are lots of wrong answers out there perhaps for much older versions of LibreOffice.

Tools -> Options

Then under LibreOffice -> Application Colors below.

Change the Viisted and Univisted link colors

Now you should have links that are readable, however this setting only applies to NEW links.  I am not aware of a setting that changes all of the current/existing links.

In this scenario, let's say you want to clone your OS at the filesystem level and the source system (the system you want to clone from) is in use.

Doing a blind rsync / is a big problem because it uses twice as much space for no reason.

The reason for this is that with ecryptfs you have a /home/.ecryptfs directory which has the actual encrypted versions of your files and folders. However your home directory (eg. /home/someuser) is mounted.

Doing the blind rsync will cause you to backup the mounted actual files and the actual encrypted files, which is how your data is doubled. 

How an unmounted ecryptfs home directory looks

We can see that all that's really contained in the home directory are two symlinks .ecryptfs and .Private which link to /home/.ecryptfs/easy/.ecryptfs and /home/.ecryptfs/easy/.Private

How would we backup our ecryptfs system then?

You would want to do something like this:

replace "--exclude=/home/easy" with the path of your home directories (and add more excludes for each user under home that has ecryptfs files).

rsync -Phaz / --exclude=/home/easy/ --exclude=/proc/* --exclude=/sys/* user@remotehost:/mnt/target

On the target system though we'll need to create the symlinks again:

This assumes your entire filesystem has been stored in /mnt/target (change this path to where your target was transferred to)

chroot /mnt/target


Now we create the symlinks.

Now change to the user's directory where you need this done.

#change /home/easy to your user dir

cd /home/easy

Change "ln -s /home/.ecryptfs/easy" to the name of your user eg . "ln -s /home/.ecryptfs/yourusername"

ln -s /home/.ecryptfs/easy/.ecryptfs .ecryptfs


ln -s /home/.ecryptfs/easy/.Private .Private

Ecryptfs Success

Once you login again, you should now have restored access to all of the encrypted files, assuming that you did your backup correctly and that /home/.ecryptfs was copied properly from the source system.

It may appear to be an Xorg or lightdm/gdm/mdm error but in reality for many users with this issue, it's a driver conflict and issue.  I had a system that had two GPUs, an Intel and Nvidia GPU.

The only thing that got it working was to remove the nouveau driver and blacklist it so it never came back, then the Intel GPU works fine without these issues.

Solution

sudo rmmod nouveau

add nouveau/other driver to blacklist

edit this file: /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

blacklist nouveau

i915 Errors



Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936122] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 4096M
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936124] checking generic (d0000000 410000) vs hw (d0000000 10000000)
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936125] fb: switching to inteldrmfb from VESA VGA
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936143] Console: switching to colour dummy device 80x25
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936229] [drm] Replacing VGA console driver
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936686] [drm] ACPI BIOS requests an excessive sleep of 20000 ms, using 1500 ms instead
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.942234] [drm] Supports vblank timestamp caching Rev 2 (21.10.2013).
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.942235] [drm] Driver supports precise vblank timestamp query.
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.944152] i915 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: changed VGA decodes: olddecodes=io+mem,decodes=io+mem:owns=io+mem
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949799] ------------[ cut here ]------------
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949800] Could not determine valid watermarks for inherited state
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949848] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 167 at /build/linux-96lg89/linux-4.15.0/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_display.c:14537 intel_modeset_init+0xfcf/0x1010 [i915]
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949849] Modules linked in: i915(+) raid1 i2c_algo_bit drm_kms_helper syscopyarea sysfillrect sysimgblt fb_sys_fops drm ahci r8169 psmouse mii libahci video
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949856] CPU: 3 PID: 167 Comm: systemd-udevd Not tainted 4.15.0-188-generic #199-Ubuntu
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949856] Hardware name:
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949885] RIP: 0010:intel_modeset_init+0xfcf/0x1010 [i915]
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949886] RSP: 0018:ffffb0b28202f9b0 EFLAGS: 00010286
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949887] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff89e010060000 RCX: ffffffffa1a63b28
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949888] RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: 0000000000000096 RDI: 0000000000000247
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949888] RBP: ffffb0b28202fa40 R08: 000000000000035e R09: 0000000000000004
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949889] R10: 0000000000000040 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffff89e010a1b400
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949890] R13: ffff89e01c52a400 R14: 00000000ffffffea R15: ffff89e010060358
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949891] FS:  00007f1a1bfc3680(0000) GS:ffff89e02f580000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949892] CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949892] CR2: 00007f1a1bf98552 CR3: 00000004109b0004 CR4: 00000000003606e0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949893] Call Trace:
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949920]  i915_driver_load+0xa73/0xe60 [i915]
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949944]  i915_pci_probe+0x42/0x70 [i915]
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949947]  local_pci_probe+0x47/0xa0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949948]  pci_device_probe+0xf1/0x1d0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949950]  driver_probe_device+0x395/0x4a0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949952]  __driver_attach+0xcc/0xf0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949953]  ? driver_probe_device+0x4a0/0x4a0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949954]  bus_for_each_dev+0x70/0xc0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949955]  driver_attach+0x1e/0x20
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949956]  bus_add_driver+0x1c7/0x270
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949957]  ? 0xffffffffc0332000
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949959]  driver_register+0x60/0xe0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949959]  ? 0xffffffffc0332000
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949960]  __pci_register_driver+0x5a/0x60
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949987]  i915_init+0x5c/0x5f [i915]
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949989]  do_one_initcall+0x52/0x1a0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949991]  ? __vunmap+0xb5/0xe0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949993]  ? _cond_resched+0x19/0x40
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949995]  ? kmem_cache_alloc_trace+0x167/0x1d0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949997]  ? do_init_module+0x27/0x1f2
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949998]  do_init_module+0x4f/0x1f2
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950001]  load_module+0x1772/0x2000
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950003]  ? ima_post_read_file+0x96/0xa0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950005]  SYSC_finit_module+0xfc/0x120
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950006]  ? SYSC_finit_module+0xfc/0x120
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950008]  SyS_finit_module+0xe/0x10
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950010]  do_syscall_64+0x73/0x130
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950011]  entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x41/0xa6
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950012] RIP: 0033:0x7f1a1bacb539
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950013] RSP: 002b:00007ffdd9a4f338 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000139
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950014] RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 000056178d3abb60 RCX: 00007f1a1bacb539
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950014] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00007f1a1b7aa105 RDI: 0000000000000012
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950015] RBP: 00007f1a1b7aa105 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 00007ffdd9a4f450
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950015] R10: 0000000000000012 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000000
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950016] R13: 000056178d3d0a30 R14: 0000000000020000 R15: 000056178d3abb60
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950017] Code: e9 46 fc ff ff 48 c7 c6 00 68 2c c0 48 c7 c7 58 5b 2c c0 e8 34 c0 45 e0 0f 0b e9 73 fe ff ff 48 c7 c7 c8 c0 2d c0 e8 21 c0 45 e0 <0f> 0b e9 4b fe ff ff 48 c7 c6 0d 68 2c c0 48 c7 c7 58 5b 2c c0
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950030] ---[ end trace e0aff203c6d48748 ]---
Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.952571] [drm] Initialized i915 1.6.0 20171023 for 0000:00:02.0 on minor 0
 

A quick fix is to run this command:

sudo brctl setageing br0 0

This causes the aging of the MAC address to time out immediately or in 0 seconds, which delete the entry frmo the FDB (Forwarding Database) and causes the error to go away.  The default time is 300 seconds or 5 minutes.

You can also add it under your br0 definition like this in /etc/network/interfaces to make it permanent and automatic:

auto br0
iface br0 inet static
  address 192.168.1.2
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  gateway 192.168.1.1
  bridge_ports bond0
  bridge_ageing 0

bridge_ageing 0 = sudo brctl setageing br0 0

From the brctl manual:

       brctl setageing sets the ethernet (MAC) address  ageing
       time,  in seconds. After seconds of not having seen a frame com‐
       ing from a certain address, the bridge  will  time  out  (delete)  that
       address from the Forwarding DataBase (fdb).
 

For more information on setting up Linux bonding bond0 with br0 check this guide.

NetworkManager is normally good for GUI users who may not be good with manually confguring devices, but if you are using things like bridging and bonding, it will often break things.

How To Disable NetworkManager

systemctl disable NetworkManager

Now that it's disabled you will need to stop NetworkManager.  NetworkManager will still be running until you reboot next or manually stop it.

How To Stop NetworkManager

systemctl stop NetworkManager

After that NetworkManager will be disabled and stopped.  If you ever need to re-enable it, you can do the opposite:

systemctl enable NetworkManager


systemctl start NetworkManager

Here is how I fixed it on a Mint/Ubuntu install

1.) First download the latest AMDGPU-Pro driver from here:

https://www.amd.com/en/support

Navigate to your relevant video card:

2.) Download the installer

One issue is that by default they give you a version for the latest version of your OS which will likely not work on a previous version of Ubuntu, say Bionic or 18.  It may appear to work by will cause dependency hell, I was able to get the video working and see the login screen of Ubuntu, but I couldn't type because it forcefully removed xserver-xorg-xinput-all which is required for the keyboard and mouse to work with xorg.

If this is your case, at least as of this moment you can manually go through the repo of AMD like this:

https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu-install/22.20.5/ubuntu/

Download using the link shown in the "Download" button above.

wget https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu-install/22.20/ubuntu/jammy/amdgpu-install_22.20.50200-1_all.deb

3.) Install amdgpu-pro

dpkg -i amdgpu-install_22.20.50205-1_all.deb
(Reading database ... 489099 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack amdgpu-install_22.20.50205-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking amdgpu-install (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) over (22.20.50200-1438746~20.04) ...
Setting up amdgpu-install (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...


amdgpu-install

How to uninstall the amdgpu driver and go back to the kernel opensource amdgpu?

amdgpu-uninstall


#or


amdgpu-install --uninstall

The below is caused by a broken install of the amdgpu-pro driver which we fix above. 

4.) Install xorg input

For some reason the installer will often remove xserver-xorg-input-all which will cause your screen to be unusable since mouse and keyboard won't work.

apt install xserver-xorg-input-all
 

[3576284.233] (II) [KMS] Kernel modesetting enabled.
[3576284.234] (II) AMDGPU(0): Creating default Display subsection in Screen section
    "Default Screen Section" for depth/fbbpp 24/32
[3576284.234] (==) AMDGPU(0): Depth 24, (--) framebuffer bpp 32
[3576284.234] (II) AMDGPU(0): Pixel depth = 24 bits stored in 4 bytes (32 bpp pixmaps)
[3576284.234] (==) AMDGPU(0): Default visual is TrueColor
[3576284.234] (==) AMDGPU(0): RGB weight 888
[3576284.234] (II) AMDGPU(0): Using 8 bits per RGB (8 bit DAC)
[3576284.234] (--) AMDGPU(0): Chipset: "Radeon RX 580 Series" (ChipID = 0x67df)
[3576284.234] (II) Loading sub module "fb"
[3576284.234] (II) LoadModule: "fb"
[3576284.234] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libfb.so
[3576284.235] (II) Module fb: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[3576284.235]     compiled for 1.19.6, module version = 1.0.0
[3576284.235]     ABI class: X.Org ANSI C Emulation, version 0.4
[3576284.235] (II) Loading sub module "dri2"
[3576284.235] (II) LoadModule: "dri2"
[3576284.235] (II) Module "dri2" already built-in
[3576284.289] (II) Loading sub module "glamoregl"
[3576284.290] (II) LoadModule: "glamoregl"
[3576284.290] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libglamoregl.so
[3576284.303] (II) Module glamoregl: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
[3576284.303]     compiled for 1.19.6, module version = 1.0.0
[3576284.303]     ABI class: X.Org ANSI C Emulation, version 0.4
[3576284.303] (II) glamor: OpenGL accelerated X.org driver based.
[3576284.316] (II) glamor: EGL version 1.5:
[3576284.324] (EE)
[3576284.324] (EE) Backtrace:
[3576284.324] (EE) 0: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (xorg_backtrace+0x4d) [0x55668533713d]
[3576284.324] (EE) 1: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (0x55668517e000+0x1bced9) [0x55668533aed9]
[3576284.324] (EE) 2: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x7f94632a8000+0x12980) [0x7f94632ba980]
[3576284.324] (EE) 3: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x7f9462eb7000+0xb0be3) [0x7f9462f67be3]
[3576284.324] (EE) 4: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x7f9462eb7000+0x9e5df) [0x7f9462f555df]
[3576284.324] (EE) 5: /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libglamoregl.so (glamor_egl_init+0x2c4) [0x7f943c5cde54]
[3576284.324] (EE) 6: /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/amdgpu_drv.so (0x7f9460356000+0x180fb) [0x7f946036e0fb]
[3576284.324] (EE) 7: /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/amdgpu_drv.so (0x7f9460356000+0xed4a) [0x7f9460364d4a]
[3576284.324] (EE) 8: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (InitOutput+0xc08) [0x556685217e58]
[3576284.324] (EE) 9: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (0x55668517e000+0x57873) [0x5566851d5873]
[3576284.324] (EE) 10: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (__libc_start_main+0xe7) [0x7f9462ed8c87]
[3576284.324] (EE) 11: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (_start+0x2a) [0x5566851bf73a]
[3576284.324] (EE)
[3576284.324] (EE) Segmentation fault at address 0x0
[3576284.325] (EE)
Fatal server error:
[3576284.325] (EE) Caught signal 11 (Segmentation fault). Server aborting
[3576284.325] (EE)
[3576284.325] (EE)
Please consult the The X.Org Foundation support
     at http://wiki.x.org
 for help.
[3576284.325] (EE) Please also check the log file at "/var/log/Xorg.0.log" for additional information.
[3576284.325] (EE)
[3576284.336] (EE) Server terminated with error (1). Closing log file.



Errors during amdgpu install

amdgpu-install
Ign:1 http://packages.linuxmint.com tara InRelease
Hit:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease                                                                                                                           
Hit:3 http://packages.linuxmint.com tara Release                                                                                                                                  
Hit:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease                                                                                                   
Hit:5 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease                                                                           
Hit:6 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease                                                     
Hit:7 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic InRelease                          
Hit:8 http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease              
Hit:9 https://repo.radeon.com/rocm/apt/5.2.5 ubuntu InRelease
Reading package lists... Done                     
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
linux-headers-4.15.0-189-generic is already the newest version (4.15.0-189.200).
linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-189-generic is already the newest version (4.15.0-189.200).
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
  xserver-xorg-legacy
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  amdgpu-core amdgpu-dkms-firmware comgr gst-omx-amdgpu hip-runtime-amd hsa-rocr hsa-rocr-dev hsakmt-roct-dev libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1 libdrm-amdgpu-common libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1 libdrm2-amdgpu
  libegl1-amdgpu-mesa libegl1-amdgpu-mesa-drivers libgbm1-amdgpu libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx libglapi-amdgpu-mesa libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu libva2-amdgpu libwayland-amdgpu-client0
  libwayland-amdgpu-egl1 libwayland-amdgpu-server0 libxatracker2-amdgpu mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers mesa-amdgpu-vdpau-drivers rocm-core rocm-language-runtime rocm-llvm rocm-ocl-icd
  rocm-opencl rocminfo xserver-xorg-amdgpu-video-amdgpu
Suggested packages:
  libglide3
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  amdgpu-core amdgpu-dkms amdgpu-dkms-firmware amdgpu-lib comgr gst-omx-amdgpu hip-runtime-amd hsa-rocr hsa-rocr-dev hsakmt-roct-dev libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1 libdrm-amdgpu-common libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1
  libdrm2-amdgpu libegl1-amdgpu-mesa libegl1-amdgpu-mesa-drivers libgbm1-amdgpu libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx libglapi-amdgpu-mesa libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu libva2-amdgpu
  libwayland-amdgpu-client0 libwayland-amdgpu-egl1 libwayland-amdgpu-server0 libxatracker2-amdgpu mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers mesa-amdgpu-vdpau-drivers rocm-core rocm-hip-runtime
  rocm-language-runtime rocm-llvm rocm-ocl-icd rocm-opencl rocm-opencl-runtime rocminfo xserver-xorg-amdgpu-video-amdgpu
0 upgraded, 38 newly installed, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
Need to get 729 MB/800 MB of archives.
After this operation, 1,109 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 amdgpu-core all 22.20.50205-1511377~18.04 [2,232 B]
Get:2 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libva2-amdgpu amd64 2.8.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [48.2 kB]
Get:3 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libdrm2-amdgpu amd64 1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04 [35.8 kB]
Get:4 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libdrm-amdgpu-common all 1.0.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [4,924 B]
Get:5 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1 amd64 1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04 [21.2 kB]
Get:6 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1 amd64 1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04 [26.1 kB]
Get:7 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu amd64 1:14.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [18.7 MB]
Get:8 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [2,547 kB]
Get:9 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libglapi-amdgpu-mesa amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [25.1 kB]
Get:10 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [5,449 kB]
Get:11 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 mesa-amdgpu-vdpau-drivers amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [2,533 kB]
Get:12 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libwayland-amdgpu-client0 amd64 1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [25.4 kB]
Get:13 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libwayland-amdgpu-server0 amd64 1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [32.8 kB]
Get:14 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libwayland-amdgpu-egl1 amd64 1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [4,256 B]
Get:15 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libxatracker2-amdgpu amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [1,555 kB]
Get:16 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libgbm1-amdgpu amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [28.8 kB]
Get:17 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libegl1-amdgpu-mesa amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [115 kB]
Get:18 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libegl1-amdgpu-mesa-drivers amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [4,648 B]
Get:19 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [146 kB]
Get:20 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [2,556 kB]
Get:21 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 gst-omx-amdgpu amd64 1:1.0.0.1.50205-1511377~18.04 [58.1 kB]
Get:22 https://repo.radeon.com/rocm/apt/5.2.5 ubuntu/main amd64 rocm-llvm amd64 14.0.0.22324.50205-186 [695 MB]
Get:23 https://repo.radeon.com/rocm/apt/5.2.5 ubuntu/main amd64 rocm-ocl-icd amd64 2.0.0.50205-186 [15.5 kB]                                                                                                   
Fetched 729 MB in 27s (26.5 MB/s)                                                                                                                                                                              
Extracting templates from packages: 100%
Selecting previously unselected package amdgpu-dkms-firmware.
(Reading database ... 482065 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../amdgpu-dkms-firmware_1%3a5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04_all.deb ...
Unpacking amdgpu-dkms-firmware (1:5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up amdgpu-dkms-firmware (1:5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package amdgpu-dkms.
(Reading database ... 482564 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-amdgpu-dkms_1%3a5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04_all.deb ...
Unpacking amdgpu-dkms (1:5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package amdgpu-core.
Preparing to unpack .../1-amdgpu-core_22.20.50205-1511377~18.04_all.deb ...
Unpacking amdgpu-core (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libva2-amdgpu:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../2-libva2-amdgpu_2.8.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libva2-amdgpu:amd64 (2.8.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
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Unpacking libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../6-libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1_1%3a2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../7-libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu_1%3a14.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu:amd64 (1:14.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../8-mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers_1%3a22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libglapi-amdgpu-mesa:amd64.
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Unpacking libglapi-amdgpu-mesa:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up amdgpu-core (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up libva2-amdgpu:amd64 (2.8.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up libdrm2-amdgpu:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up libdrm-amdgpu-common (1.0.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu:amd64 (1:14.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri:amd64.
(Reading database ... 485247 files and directories currently installed.)
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Unpacking libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package libwayland-amdgpu-egl1:amd64.
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Unpacking libwayland-amdgpu-egl1:amd64 (1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libxatracker2-amdgpu:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../05-libxatracker2-amdgpu_1%3a22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libxatracker2-amdgpu:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libgbm1-amdgpu:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../06-libgbm1-amdgpu_1%3a22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgbm1-amdgpu:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libegl1-amdgpu-mesa:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../07-libegl1-amdgpu-mesa_1%3a22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libegl1-amdgpu-mesa:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libegl1-amdgpu-mesa-drivers:amd64.
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Unpacking libegl1-amdgpu-mesa-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../09-libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx_1%3a22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../10-mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers_1%3a22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package xserver-xorg-amdgpu-video-amdgpu.
Preparing to unpack .../11-xserver-xorg-amdgpu-video-amdgpu_1%3a22.0.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking xserver-xorg-amdgpu-video-amdgpu (1:22.0.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package gst-omx-amdgpu.
Preparing to unpack .../12-gst-omx-amdgpu_1%3a1.0.0.1.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking gst-omx-amdgpu (1:1.0.0.1.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package amdgpu-lib.
Preparing to unpack .../13-amdgpu-lib_22.20.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking amdgpu-lib (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Selecting previously unselected package rocm-core.
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Unpacking rocm-core (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
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Unpacking comgr (2.4.0.50205-186) ...
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Unpacking hsakmt-roct-dev (20220426.1.026.50205-186) ...
Selecting previously unselected package hsa-rocr.
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Unpacking hsa-rocr (1.5.0.50205-186) ...
Selecting previously unselected package hsa-rocr-dev.
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Unpacking rocminfo (1.0.0.50205-186) ...
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Unpacking rocm-llvm (14.0.0.22324.50205-186) ...
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Unpacking hip-runtime-amd (5.2.21153.50205-186) ...
Selecting previously unselected package rocm-language-runtime.
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Unpacking rocm-language-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
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Unpacking rocm-hip-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
Selecting previously unselected package rocm-ocl-icd.
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Unpacking rocm-ocl-icd (2.0.0.50205-186) ...
Selecting previously unselected package rocm-opencl.
Preparing to unpack .../25-rocm-opencl_2.0.0.50205-186_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking rocm-opencl (2.0.0.50205-186) ...
Selecting previously unselected package rocm-opencl-runtime.
Preparing to unpack .../26-rocm-opencl-runtime_5.2.5.50205-186_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking rocm-opencl-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
Setting up libwayland-amdgpu-client0:amd64 (1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up amdgpu-dkms (1:5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Removing old amdgpu-5.16.9.22.20-1511377~18.04 DKMS files...

------------------------------
Deleting module version: 5.16.9.22.20-1511377~18.04
completely from the DKMS tree.
------------------------------
Done.
Loading new amdgpu-5.16.9.22.20-1511377~18.04 DKMS files...
Building for 4.15.0-189-generic
Building for architecture amd64
Building initial module for 4.15.0-189-generic
EFI variables are not supported on this system
/sys/firmware/efi/efivars not found, aborting.
Done.
Forcing installation of amdgpu

amdgpu:
Running module version sanity check.
 - Original module
   - An original module was already stored during a previous install
 - Installation
   - Installing to /lib/modules/4.15.0-189-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/

amdttm.ko:
Running module version sanity check.
 - Original module
   - This kernel never originally had a module by this name
 - Installation
   - Installing to /lib/modules/4.15.0-189-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/

amdkcl.ko:
Running module version sanity check.
 - Original module
   - This kernel never originally had a module by this name
 - Installation
   - Installing to /lib/modules/4.15.0-189-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkcl/

amd-sched.ko:
Running module version sanity check.
 - Original module
   - This kernel never originally had a module by this name
 - Installation
   - Installing to /lib/modules/4.15.0-189-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/scheduler/

amddrm_ttm_helper.ko:
Running module version sanity check.
 - Original module
   - This kernel never originally had a module by this name
 - Installation
   - Installing to /lib/modules/4.15.0-189-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/

Running the post_install script:

depmod......

DKMS: install completed.
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-189-generic
W: initramfs-tools configuration sets RESUME=UUID=f828259e-b508-4b3d-ae04-c18cd9ac3936
W: but no matching swap device is available.
I: The initramfs will attempt to resume from /dev/md1
I: (UUID=088c4485-895c-4294-92e5-97fbacc1db4d)
I: Set the RESUME variable to override this.
Warning: No support for locale: en_CA.utf8
Setting up mesa-amdgpu-vdpau-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up libglapi-amdgpu-mesa:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up rocm-core (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
update-alternatives: using /opt/rocm-5.2.5 to provide /opt/rocm (rocm) in auto mode
Setting up libxatracker2-amdgpu:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up hsakmt-roct-dev (20220426.1.026.50205-186) ...
Setting up libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up libwayland-amdgpu-server0:amd64 (1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up hsa-rocr (1.5.0.50205-186) ...
Setting up gst-omx-amdgpu (1:1.0.0.1.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up rocminfo (1.0.0.50205-186) ...
Setting up rocm-llvm (14.0.0.22324.50205-186) ...
Setting up mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up libwayland-amdgpu-egl1:amd64 (1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up rocm-ocl-icd (2.0.0.50205-186) ...
Setting up comgr (2.4.0.50205-186) ...
Setting up libgbm1-amdgpu:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up hsa-rocr-dev (1.5.0.50205-186) ...
Setting up libegl1-amdgpu-mesa:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up rocm-opencl (2.0.0.50205-186) ...
Setting up xserver-xorg-amdgpu-video-amdgpu (1:22.0.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up hip-runtime-amd (5.2.21153.50205-186) ...
Setting up rocm-language-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
Setting up rocm-hip-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
Setting up libegl1-amdgpu-mesa-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Setting up rocm-opencl-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
Setting up amdgpu-lib (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1.6) ...
WARNING: nomodeset detected in kernel parameters, amdgpu requires KMS
Error! Could not locate dkms.conf file.
File:  does not exist.
WARNING: amdgpu dkms failed for running kernel


Fix

rm -rf /var/lib/dkms/amdgpu

dpkg-reconfigure amdgpu-dkms

I've encountered this after upgrading some Debian/Ubuntu/Mint based systems for no explicable reason, although there are some bug trackers on Ubuntu that document this: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/grub2/+bug/1889509

The short end of the solution is that you need to properly reinstall grub.

1.) Boot from a LiveCD

2.) Mount your root / filesystem and don't forget to mount the boot partition in the root's /boot (if you have a separate partition).

3.) chroot into the install

4.) Reinstall grub


update-grub


grub-install /dev/sdx #(where X is one of your boot drives).

After that you should be good.

Is your /var/log/journal overweight and bloated?  For example a decent install of Debian 11 with most applications and services ends up being about 4.9G with the journal taking a few gigs. 

du -hs /var/log/journal/
1.3G    /var/log/journal/

By default in a lot of distributions there is no maximum size so it will keep growing.  This is especially problematic for embedded distributions and devices, but is also a huge waste of space.  In low IO storage devices it can actually create huge IOWait as well (eg. if you are running off a USB stick).

Edit this file: 

/etc/systemd/journald.conf

Create a new line under the commented out #SystemMaxUse= line

And set it like this:

SystemMaxUse=50M

Where 50M is going to be the maximum size of /var/log/journal

It should now look like below.

Final Step

Restart journald to apply the new smaller max setting:

systemctl restart systemd-journald
 

du now shows the size is the maximum you set:

du -hs /var/log/journal/
49M    /var/log/journal/


Usually LIbreoffice gets it right, but if it opens a normal English CSV as UTF-16 by default and shows Asian languages, you'll have ot manually open to fix it (don't double click the file from the File Manager).

Solution - Manually Open the File After Opening LibreOffice Calc

You'll see it is defaulting to UTF-16 which breaks everything.

Click the dropdown for "Character set:" and then select UTF-8.

After this your CSV should open and display correctly.

The easiest way for the 8821AU Realtek Wifi chipset / TP-Link T2U Plus:

Bus 002 Device 003: ID 2357:0120 TP-Link Archer T2U PLUS [RTL8821AU]

First install your kernel headers/source:

sudo apt install linux-headers-`uname -r`

Clone this github repo with the driver:

git clone https://github.com/morrownr/8821au-20210708

Run the compile/install:

./8821au-20210708/install-driver.sh

Load the driver:

modprobe 8821au

# If you have an issue compiling with GCC 10, then try this.


apt install gcc-9


make CC=gcc-9 -j 4

10.2.1-6


root@routerOS:~/8821au-20210708# make -j 1
make ARCH=x86_64 CROSS_COMPILE= -C /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/build M=/root/8821au-20210708  modules
make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
  CC [M]  /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_cmd.o
gcc-10: internal compiler error: Segmentation fault signal terminated program cc1
Please submit a full bug report,
with preprocessed source if appropriate.
See <file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-10/README.Bugs> for instructions.
make[3]: *** [/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-common/scripts/Makefile.build:291: /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_cmd.o] Error 4
make[2]: *** [/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-common/Makefile:1846: /root/8821au-20210708] Error 2
make[1]: *** [/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-common/Makefile:185: __sub-make] Error 2
make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
make: *** [Makefile:2501: modules] Error 2

This is a device that is not necessarily supported out of the box even by newer 4.x and 5.x kernels.

You'll generally know it's not going well if you do an ifconfig wlan0 and find it doesn't exist or check your kernel log and see this:

Aug 15 18:48:44 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6747.596070] usb 2-4: USB disconnect, device number 3
Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.457262] usb 2-4: new high-speed USB device number 4 using ehci-pci
Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.614436] usb 2-4: New USB device found, idVendor=2357, idProduct=0120, bcdDevice= 2.00
Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.614445] usb 2-4: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.614452] usb 2-4: Product: 802.11ac WLAN Adapter
Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.614457] usb 2-4: Manufacturer: Realtek
Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.614462] usb 2-4: SerialNumber: 00e04c000001


Solution - Step 1: Install Firmware/Other Stuff We Need

Bus 002 Device 003: ID 2357:0120 TP-Link Archer T2U PLUS [RTL8821AU]

apt install firmware-linux firmware-linux-nonfree firmware-misc-nonfree firmware-realtek zip build-essential iw

The only one we really need is the firmware-realtek but why not get other firmware before we forget that we didn't install other firmware that may prevent other devices from working in the future :).

We install zip because we'll need to unzip in the next step

Step 2 - Compile RTL8821AU Driver

We'll trust the folks from aircrack-ng but there are other repos with the driver:

wget https://github.com/aircrack-ng/rtl8812au/archive/refs/heads/v5.6.4.2.zip

unzip v5.6.4.2.zip

cd rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/

make -j 4
make ARCH=x86_64 CROSS_COMPILE= -C /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/build M=/root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2  modules
make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_cmd.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_security.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_debug.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_io.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ioctl_query.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ioctl_set.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ieee80211.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mlme.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mlme_ext.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mi.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_wlan_util.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_vht.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_pwrctrl.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rf.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_chplan.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_recv.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_sta_mgt.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ap.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_pathtbl.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_hwmp.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_xmit.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_p2p.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rson.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_tdls.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_br_ext.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_iol.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_sreset.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_btcoex_wifionly.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_btcoex.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_beamforming.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_odm.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rm.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rm_fsm.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/efuse/rtw_efuse.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/osdep_service.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/os_intfs.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/usb_intf.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/usb_ops_linux.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_linux.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/xmit_linux.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/mlme_linux.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/recv_linux.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_cfg80211.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/wifi_regd.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_android.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_proc.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_rhashtable.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_mp.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_intf.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_com.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_com_phycfg.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_phy.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_dm.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_dm_acs.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_btcoex_wifionly.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_btcoex.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_mp.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_mcc.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_hci/hal_usb.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/led/hal_led.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/led/hal_usb_led.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/HalPwrSeqCmd.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/Hal8812PwrSeq.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/Hal8821APwrSeq.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_xmit.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_sreset.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_hal_init.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_phycfg.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_rf6052.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_dm.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_rxdesc.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_cmd.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/usb_halinit.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_led.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_xmit.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_recv.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/usb_ops_linux.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8812A_USB.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_USB.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8812a_fw.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8821a_fw.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/Hal8814PwrSeq.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_xmit.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_sreset.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_hal_init.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_phycfg.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_rf6052.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_dm.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_rxdesc.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_cmd.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/hal8814a_fw.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/usb_halinit.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_led.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_xmit.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_recv.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/usb_ops_linux.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/HalEfuseMask8814A_USB.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_debug.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdiv.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_soml.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_smt_ant.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdect.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_interface.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_phystatus.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_hwconfig.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dig.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pathdiv.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_rainfo.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dynamictxpower.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_adaptivity.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_cfotracking.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_noisemonitor.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_beamforming.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dfs.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/halcomtxbf.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfinterface.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/phydm_hal_txbf_api.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_adc_sampling.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_ccx.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_psd.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_primary_cca.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_cck_pd.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_rssi_monitor.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_auto_dbg.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_math_lib.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_api.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pow_train.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_lna_sat.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pmac_tx_setting.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_mp.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_debug.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_ce.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_ce.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_kfree.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_mac.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_bb.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_rf.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_ce.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_regconfig8812a.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_rtl8812a.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfjaguar.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_mac.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_bb.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_rf.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_8821a_ce.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_regconfig8821a.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_rtl8821a.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_ce.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_bb.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_mac.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_rf.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_iqk_8814a.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_regconfig8814a.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_ce.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_rtl8814a.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8814a.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_ops.o
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mp.o
  LD [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/88XXau.o
  MODPOST /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/Module.symvers
  CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/88XXau.mod.o
  LD [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/88XXau.ko
make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Visit https://github.com/aircrack-ng/rtl8812au for support/reporting issues
or check for newer versions (branches) of these drivers.                   
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

make install
install -p -m 644 88XXau.ko  /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/
/sbin/depmod -a 5.10.0-16-amd64
 

[29061.625185] usb 2-4: new high-speed USB device number 9 using ehci-pci
[29061.782335] usb 2-4: New USB device found, idVendor=2357, idProduct=0120, bcdDevice= 2.00
[29061.782344] usb 2-4: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[29061.782350] usb 2-4: Product: 802.11ac WLAN Adapter
[29061.782356] usb 2-4: Manufacturer: Realtek
[29061.782361] usb 2-4: SerialNumber: 00e04c000001
[29061.962217] usb 2-4: 88XXau  hw_info[107]
[29061.997451] rtl88XXau 2-4:1.0 ____n_: renamed from xc0x06xc3xd0nxfc
 

#not working after install

[28226.318168] usb 2-4: New USB device found, idVendor=2357, idProduct=0120, bcdDevice= 2.00
[28226.318177] usb 2-4: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[28226.318183] usb 2-4: Product: 802.11ac WLAN Adapter
[28226.318189] usb 2-4: Manufacturer: Realtek
[28226.318195] usb 2-4: SerialNumber: 00e04c000001
[28226.344887] 88XXau: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
[28226.352166] 88XXau: module verification failed: signature and/or required key missing - tainting kernel
[28226.589795] usb 2-4: 88XXau  hw_info[107]
[28226.595414] usbcore: registered new interface driver rtl88XXau
[28226.611670] rtl88XXau 2-4:1.0 ____n_: renamed from xc0x06xc3xd0nxfc
 

____n_: flags=4098

root@routerOS:~# apt install ./realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms_5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1_all.deb ./realtek-rtl8814au-dkms_5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3_all.deb
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Note, selecting 'realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms' instead of './realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms_5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1_all.deb'
Note, selecting 'realtek-rtl8814au-dkms' instead of './realtek-rtl8814au-dkms_5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3_all.deb'
The following additional packages will be installed:
  bc dctrl-tools dkms linux-headers-amd64 sudo
Suggested packages:
  debtags menu
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  bc dctrl-tools dkms linux-headers-amd64 realtek-rtl8814au-dkms realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms sudo
0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,351 kB/4,804 kB of archives.
After this operation, 35.7 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 /root/realtek-rtl8814au-dkms_5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3_all.deb realtek-rtl8814au-dkms all 5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3 [1,659 kB]
Get:2 /root/realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms_5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1_all.deb realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms all 5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1 [1,794 kB]
Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 dctrl-tools amd64 2.24-3+b1 [104 kB]
Get:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 dkms all 2.8.4-3 [78.2 kB]
Get:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 bc amd64 1.07.1-2+b2 [109 kB]                                   
Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 linux-headers-amd64 amd64 5.10.127-1 [1,172 B]                  
Get:7 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 sudo amd64 1.9.5p2-3 [1,059 kB]                                 
Fetched 1,351 kB in 12s (115 kB/s)                                                                                     
Selecting previously unselected package dctrl-tools.
(Reading database ... 55141 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-dctrl-tools_2.24-3+b1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking dctrl-tools (2.24-3+b1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package dkms.
Preparing to unpack .../1-dkms_2.8.4-3_all.deb ...
Unpacking dkms (2.8.4-3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package bc.
Preparing to unpack .../2-bc_1.07.1-2+b2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking bc (1.07.1-2+b2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../3-linux-headers-amd64_5.10.127-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-amd64 (5.10.127-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package realtek-rtl8814au-dkms.
Preparing to unpack .../4-realtek-rtl8814au-dkms_5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3_all.deb ...
Unpacking realtek-rtl8814au-dkms (5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms.
Preparing to unpack .../5-realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms_5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1_all.deb ...
Unpacking realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms (5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package sudo.
Preparing to unpack .../6-sudo_1.9.5p2-3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking sudo (1.9.5p2-3) ...
Setting up linux-headers-amd64 (5.10.127-1) ...
Setting up bc (1.07.1-2+b2) ...
Setting up sudo (1.9.5p2-3) ...
Setting up dctrl-tools (2.24-3+b1) ...
Setting up dkms (2.8.4-3) ...
Setting up realtek-rtl8814au-dkms (5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3) ...
Loading new realtek-rtl8814au-5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239 DKMS files...
Building for 5.10.0-16-amd64
Building initial module for 5.10.0-16-amd64
Done.

8814au.ko:
Running module version sanity check.
 - Original module
   - No original module exists within this kernel
 - Installation
   - Installing to /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/updates/dkms/

depmod..............................

DKMS: install completed.
Setting up realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms (5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1) ...
Loading new realtek-rtl88xxau-5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e DKMS files...
Building for 5.10.0-16-amd64
Building initial module for 5.10.0-16-amd64
Done.

88XXau.ko:
Running module version sanity check.
 - Original module
   - No original module exists within this kernel
 - Installation
   - Installing to /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/updates/dkms/

depmod.........

DKMS: install completed.
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.4-2) ...
N: Download is performed unsandboxed as root as file '/root/realtek-rtl8814au-dkms_5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3_all.deb' couldn't be accessed by user '_apt'. - pkgAcquire::Run (13: Permission denied)
 

unzip output:
4ab079f7cb172740c7abc8cbd6e6383bef0f65dc
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/.github/
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/.github/workflows/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/.github/workflows/build.yml  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/.gitignore  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/Kconfig  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/LICENSE  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/Makefile  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/README.md  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/ReleaseNotes.pdf  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_10.x/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_10.x/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_10.pdf  
 extracting: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_10.x/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_10_x_20191008.tgz  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_10.x/wpa_supplicant_8_10.x_rtw_29226.20191002.tgz  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_JB_4.2/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_JB_4.2/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_JB_4.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_JB_4.2/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
 extracting: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_JB_4.2/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_JB_4.2_20130208.tar.gz  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_KK_4.4/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_KK_4.4/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_KK_4.4.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_KK_4.4/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_KK_4.4/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_KK_4.4_20140117.tar.gz  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_L_5.x/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_L_5.x/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_L_5.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_L_5.x/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
 extracting: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_L_5.x/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_L_5.x_20150811.tgz  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_M_6.x/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_M_6.x/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_M_6.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_M_6.x/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
 extracting: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_M_6.x/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_M_6.x_20151116.tgz  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_N_7.0/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_N_7.0/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_N_7.0.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_N_7.0/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_N_7.0/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_N_7.0_20161024.zip  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_O_8.0/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_O_8.0/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_O_8.0.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_O_8.0/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_O_8.0/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_O_8.0_20181001.tar.gz  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_P_9.x/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_P_9.x/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_P_9.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_P_9.x/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_P_9.x/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_P_9.x_20181001.tar.gz  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/p2p_hostapd.conf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/rtl_hostapd_2G.conf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/rtl_hostapd_5G.conf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_0_8.conf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_L_5.x_rtw_r24600.20171025.tar.gz  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_M_6.x_rtw_r24570.20171025.tar.gz  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_N_7.x_rtw_r24577.20171025.tar.gz  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_O_8.x_rtw_r33457.20190507.tar.gz  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_P_9.x_rtw_r29226.20180827.tar.gz  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_jb_4.1_rtw_r24646.20171025.tar.gz  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_jb_4.2_rtw_r25670.20171213.tar.gz  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_jb_4.3_rtw_r25671.20171213.tar.gz  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_kk_4.4_rtw_r25669.20171213.tar.gz  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_hostapd-0.8_rtw_r24647.20171025.tar.gz  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/efuse/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/efuse/rtw_efuse.c  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_hwmp.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_hwmp.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_pathtbl.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_pathtbl.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ap.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_beamforming.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_br_ext.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_bt_mp.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_btcoex.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_btcoex_wifionly.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_chplan.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_chplan.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_cmd.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_debug.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_eeprom.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ieee80211.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_io.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ioctl_query.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ioctl_rtl.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ioctl_set.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_iol.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mem.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mi.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mlme.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mlme_ext.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mp.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mp_ioctl.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_odm.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_p2p.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_pwrctrl.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_recv.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rf.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rm.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rm_fsm.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rson.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_sdio.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_security.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_sreset.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_sta_mgt.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_tdls.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_vht.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_wapi.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_wapi_sms4.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_wlan_util.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_xmit.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/dkms.conf  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Driver_Configuration_for_RF_Regulatory_Certification.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/HowTo_enable_and_verify_TDLS_function_in_Wi-Fi_driver.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/HowTo_enable_driver_to_support_80211d.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/HowTo_enable_the_power_saving_functionality.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/HowTo_support_WIFI_certification_test.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/HowTo_support_more_VidPids.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/How_to_append_vendor_specific_ie_to_driver_management_frames.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/How_to_enable_Realtek_RSON_function.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/How_to_set_driver_debug_log_level.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/LinuxDriver_MP_Iwpriv_UserGuide_V3.doc  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Miracast_for_Realtek_WiFi.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Quick_Start_Guide_for_Adaptivity_and_Carrier_Sensing_Test.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Quick_Start_Guide_for_Bridge.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Quick_Start_Guide_for_Driver_Compilation_and_Installation.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Quick_Start_Guide_for_SoftAP.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Quick_Start_Guide_for_Station_Mode.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Quick_Start_Guide_for_WOW.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Quick_Start_Guide_for_WPA3.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Quick_Start_Guide_for_wpa_supplicant_WiFi_P2P_test.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/REALTEK_README.txt  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/RTK_P2P_WFD_Programming_guide.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/RTL8812AU-CG-RealtekMicroelectronics.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_O_8.0.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Realtek_WiFi_concurrent_mode_Introduction.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/SoftAP_Mode_features.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Wireless_tools_porting_guide.pdf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/hostapd.conf  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/iwpriv_mp_settings_for_different_data_rate.xls  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/linux_dhcp_server_notes.txt  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/rtl8712-d0-1-programming-guide-20090601.doc  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/wpa_cli_with_wpa_supplicant.pdf  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/HalPwrSeqCmd.c  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/efuse_mask.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8812A_PCIE.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8812A_PCIE.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8812A_USB.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8812A_USB.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_PCIE.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_PCIE.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_SDIO.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_SDIO.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_USB.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_USB.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/HalEfuseMask8814A_PCIE.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/HalEfuseMask8814A_PCIE.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/HalEfuseMask8814A_USB.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/HalEfuseMask8814A_USB.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_btcoex.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_btcoex_wifionly.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_com.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_com_c2h.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_com_phycfg.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_dm.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_dm.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_dm_acs.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_dm_acs.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_halmac.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_halmac.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_hci/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_hci/hal_usb.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_intf.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_mcc.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_mp.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_phy.c  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/led/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/led/hal_led.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/led/hal_usb_led.c  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/ap_makefile.mk  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halhwimg.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_ap.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_ap.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_ce.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_ce.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_iot.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_iot.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_win.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_win.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_debug.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_debug.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_dpk.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_features.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_iqk.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_kfree.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_kfree.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_ap.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_ap.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_ce.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_ce.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_iot.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_iot.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_win.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_win.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_psd.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_psd.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_txgapcal.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_txgapcal.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_ap.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_ap.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_ce.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_ce.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_win.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_win.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_ap.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_ap.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_ce.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_ce.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_win.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_win.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_iqk_8814a.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_iqk_8814a.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_8821a_ce.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_8821a_ce.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_8821a_win.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_8821a_win.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_ap.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_ap.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_ce.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_ce.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_win.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_win.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/mp_precomp.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm.mk  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_adaptivity.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_adaptivity.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_adc_sampling.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_adc_sampling.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdect.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdect.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdiv.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdiv.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_api.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_api.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_auto_dbg.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_auto_dbg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_beamforming.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_beamforming.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_cck_pd.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_cck_pd.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_ccx.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_ccx.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_cfotracking.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_cfotracking.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_debug.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_debug.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dfs.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dfs.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dig.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dig.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dynamictxpower.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dynamictxpower.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_features.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_features_ap.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_features_ce.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_features_ce2_kernel.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_features_iot.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_features_win.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_hwconfig.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_hwconfig.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_interface.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_interface.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_lna_sat.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_lna_sat.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_math_lib.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_math_lib.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_mp.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_mp.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_noisemonitor.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_noisemonitor.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pathdiv.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pathdiv.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_phystatus.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_phystatus.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pmac_tx_setting.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pmac_tx_setting.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pow_train.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pow_train.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pre_define.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_precomp.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_primary_cca.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_primary_cca.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_psd.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_psd.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_rainfo.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_rainfo.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_reg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_regdefine11ac.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_regdefine11n.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_regtable.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_rssi_monitor.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_rssi_monitor.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_smt_ant.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_smt_ant.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_soml.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_soml.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_types.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_bb.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_bb.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_mac.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_mac.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_rf.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_rf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_regconfig8812a.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_regconfig8812a.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_rtl8812a.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_rtl8812a.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/version_rtl8812a.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/hal8814areg_odm.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_bb.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_bb.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_fw.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_mac.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_mac.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_rf.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_rf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halphyrf_8814a_ap.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halphyrf_8814a_ap.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halphyrf_8814a_win.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halphyrf_8814a_win.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_regconfig8814a.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_regconfig8814a.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_rtl8814a.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_rtl8814a.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/version_rtl8814a.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_bb.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_bb.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_mac.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_mac.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_rf.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_rf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_regconfig8821a.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_regconfig8821a.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_rtl8821a.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_rtl8821a.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/version_rtl8821a.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/sd4_phydm_2_kernel.mk  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/halcomtxbf.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/halcomtxbf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8192e.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8192e.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8814a.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8814a.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8822b.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8822b.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfinterface.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfinterface.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfjaguar.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfjaguar.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/phydm_hal_txbf_api.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/phydm_hal_txbf_api.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/Hal8812PwrSeq.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/Hal8821APwrSeq.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8812a_fw.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8812a_fw.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8821a_fw.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8821a_fw.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_cmd.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_dm.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_hal_init.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_phycfg.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_rf6052.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_rxdesc.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_sreset.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_xmit.c  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_led.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_recv.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_xmit.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/usb_halinit.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/usb_ops_linux.c  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/Hal8814PwrSeq.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/hal8814a_fw.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_cmd.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_dm.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_hal_init.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_phycfg.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_rf6052.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_rxdesc.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_sreset.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_xmit.c  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_led.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_recv.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_xmit.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/usb_halinit.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/usb_ops_linux.c  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8812PhyCfg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8812PhyReg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8812PwrSeq.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8814PhyCfg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8814PhyReg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8814PwrSeq.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8821APwrSeq.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/HalPwrSeqCmd.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/HalVerDef.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/basic_types.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/big_endian.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/generic.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/little_endian.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/swab.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/swabb.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/circ_buf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/cmd_osdep.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/cmn_info/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/cmn_info/rtw_sta_info.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/custom_gpio.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_conf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_types.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_types_ce.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_types_gspi.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_types_linux.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_types_pci.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_types_sdio.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_types_xp.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/ethernet.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/gspi_hal.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/gspi_ops.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/gspi_ops_linux.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/gspi_osintf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/h2clbk.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_btcoex.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_btcoex_wifionly.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_com.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_com_h2c.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_com_led.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_com_phycfg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_com_reg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_data.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_gspi.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_ic_cfg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_intf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_pg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_phy.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_phy_reg.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_sdio.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/ieee80211.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/ieee80211_ext.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/if_ether.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/ip.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/linux/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/linux/old_unused_rtl_wireless.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/mlme_osdep.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/mp_custom_oid.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/nic_spec.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/osdep_intf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/osdep_service.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/osdep_service_bsd.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/osdep_service_ce.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/osdep_service_linux.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/osdep_service_xp.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/pci_hal.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/pci_ops.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/pci_osintf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/recv_osdep.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_cmd.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_dm.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_hal.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_led.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_recv.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_rf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_spec.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_sreset.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_xmit.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8814a_cmd.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8814a_dm.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8814a_hal.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8814a_led.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8814a_recv.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8814a_rf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8814a_spec.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8814a_sreset.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8814a_xmit.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8821a_spec.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8821a_xmit.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl_autoconf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_android.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_ap.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_beamforming.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_br_ext.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_bt_mp.h  
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_cmd.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_debug.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_eeprom.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_efuse.h  
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_ht.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_io.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_ioctl.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_ioctl_query.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_ioctl_rtl.h  
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_iol.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_mcc.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_mem.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_mi.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_mlme.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_mlme_ext.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_mp.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_mp_ioctl.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_mp_phy_regdef.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_odm.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_p2p.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_pwrctrl.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_qos.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_recv.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_rf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_rm.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_rm_fsm.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_rson.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_sdio.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_security.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_sreset.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_tdls.h  
 extracting: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_version.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_vht.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_wapi.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_wifi_regd.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_xmit.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_hal.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_ops.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_ops_ce.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_ops_linux.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_ops_xp.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_osintf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sta_info.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/usb_hal.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/usb_ops.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/usb_ops_linux.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/usb_osintf.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/usb_vendor_req.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/wifi.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/wlan_bssdef.h  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/xmit_osdep.h  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/custom_gpio_linux.c  
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_linux.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_mp.c  
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_android.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_proc.c  
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/usb_intf.c  
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/wifi_regd.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/xmit_linux.c  
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   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/custom_country_chplan.h  
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_ARM_WMT_sdio.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_RTK_DMP_usb.c  
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_aml_s905_sdio.c  
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_arm_act_sdio.c  
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   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/RtkMpTool.apk  
   creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/WiFi_Direct_User_Interface/
  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/WiFi_Direct_User_Interface/Android.mk  
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  inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/wireless_tools_android.tar.gz  
 

Just use apt-cache policy to find the repo of a package:

apt-cache policy lxd
lxd:
  Installed: 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.2
  Candidate: 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.2
  Version table:
 *** 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.2 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
     3.0.0-0ubuntu4 500
        500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages


Or use apt show

apt show lxd
Package: lxd
Version: 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.2
Built-Using: golang-1.10 (= 1.10.4-2ubuntu1~18.04.2)
Priority: optional
Section: admin
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Installed-Size: 20.6 MB
Depends: acl, adduser, dnsmasq-base, ebtables, iproute2, iptables, liblxc1 (>= 2.1.0~), lsb-base (>= 3.0-6), lxcfs, lxd-client (= 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.2), passwd (>= 1:4.1.5.1-1ubuntu5~), rsync, squashfs-tools, uidmap (>= 1:4.1.5.1-1ubuntu5~), xdelta3, xz-utils, libacl1 (>= 2.2.51-8), libc6 (>= 2.14), libuv1 (>= 1.4.2)
Recommends: apparmor
Suggests: criu, lxd-tools
Homepage: https://linuxcontainers.org/
Task: cloud-image, server
Supported: 5y
Download-Size: 5,199 kB
APT-Manual-Installed: yes
APT-Sources: http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages
Description: Container hypervisor based on LXC - daemon
 LXD offers a REST API to remotely manage containers over the network,
 using an image based workflow and with support for live migration.
 .
 This package contains the LXD daemon.

N: There is 1 additional record. Please use the '-a' switch to see it


One easy way is to use lspci -k like this:

sudo lspci -k|grep modules|sort -nr|uniq
    Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
    Kernel modules: shpchp
    Kernel modules: pata_acpi
    Kernel modules: nvidiafb, nouveau, nvidia_drm, nvidia
    Kernel modules: mei_me
    Kernel modules: lpc_ich
    Kernel modules: isci
    Kernel modules: ioatdma
    Kernel modules: i2c_i801
    Kernel modules: e1000e
    Kernel modules: ahci
 

This is a great way of troubleshooting what modules your system actually needs and uses.  It's also good for troubleshooting in the case that a device like a NIC or soundcard does not work.  It could be that the kernel module is missing and this is an easy way of finding it.

That is the clean version but you could use the full output to understand which device each module is related to.

Let's say you wanted to load the e1000e NIC driver, you would use "modprobe e1000e".  If it didn't work or was not found, then you know the issue is a missing kernel module.  This either means your kernel does not support the device OR it does not have all of the kernel modules available, installed.

See this for how to install 'extra' kernel modules

The display manager is more so what controls the main graphical login process after Debian/Mint/Ubuntu boot and controls the graphical login sequence.  Once you login, you are then usually passed to an Xorg based Window manager like XFCE, Mate, Ubuntu etc...

Popular display managers are mdm, gdm, lightdm etc... and they all basically do the same thing with a different interface/style and some feature differences.

In Mint for example the normal default display manager is lightdm and it is defined by this file:

/etc/X11/default-display-manager

Here are the contents of "default-display-manager":

/usr/sbin/lightdm
 

What really makes a different is your window manager, whether that is XFCE, Mate, Ubuntu etc.. and is controlled in this file:

/etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/70-linuxmint.conf

/etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/70-linuxmint.conf

[SeatDefaults]
user-session=mate

If you wanted to use XFCE instead, you would change "user-session=xfce" and then restart the window manager (eg. systemctl restart lightdm).

You can also choose the Window Manager before logging in by clicking a button near the login area, which will show you the available Window managers (so for example if you wanted to login this time using XFCE, you could select that).

Sometimes manual intervention on various Linux system's, including Debian, is required to fix things after waking up from sleep.

One persistent issue is the sound system / pulseaudio needing to be reset and not working until you do that after waking up.  It's not clear if it's an OS issue itself or the sound driver, but this will fix things.

Where do we put scripts or commands that need to be used upon wakeup automatically?

/lib/systemd/system-sleep

Any scripts placed there are executed automatically.

An example wakeup script is below and is created in the system-sleep directory mentioned above:

#!/bin/bash

case "$1" in
    post)
        /usr/bin/pulseaudio -k
        ;;
esac

*Be sure the script has +x so it can be executed.

The best way is above, it will make sure it is "post sleep", and only then will the script be executed.  In the above example it just runs "pulseaudio -k" to kill, which restarts pulseaudio and get the sound working.  You can modify the base script to execute whatever command you need.

You just add on "non-free" at the end of each repo, like the example below:

If you wanted contributed packages then you could also add "non-free contrib" to each repo line.

Don't forget to do an "apt update" to see the new packages, this is especially handy for getting more drivers for devices with the firmware-linux-nonfree package.

Debian based OS's have a similar issue as the behavior in RHEL/CentOS dhclient, which is that if you have an interface that relies on DHCP, if the first attempt fails, it will quit and stop.  This is a problem especially if you are using your Linux as a router or something else mission critical, but where the internet for some reason may have been down or the DHCP server it gets a lease from broken.

The expected behavior you would hope is that when things are back online that the device will get a lease, but this is not the default behavior.  The default is to quit dhclient.

The Debian/Mint/Ubuntu Solution

Fortunately you can just edit /etc/network/interfaces and add this line for your NIC (assuming it is eth0):

allow-hotplug will give us the desired behavior, you can test it yourself that even if the NIC is offline or internet is down, dhclient will still be running for the interfaces specified under allow-hotplug.

allow-hotplug eth0

This is the equivalent solution to the RHEL/Centos DHCP Persistent Solution

If you get this error when trying to SSH to a device or machine and you never even got a password prompt:

Too many authentication failures

This means that either the remote side is configured for key auth only, OR your client side may be attempting to auth using mulitple keys, and that exceeds the amount of attempted authorizations on the remote ssh server.

If the issue is trying to auth too many times which ssh defaults to sending the keys to, you can set a preference when connecting that prefers password auth first:

ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password user@remotehost

This error implies that there may be an issue with Xorg or maybe your NVIDIA GPU cannot start or initialize:

35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.857704] nvidia: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.857724] nvidia: module license 'NVIDIA' taints kernel.
35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.857725] Disabling lock debugging due to kernel taint
35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.873280] nvidia: module verification failed: signature and/or required key missing - tainting kernel
35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.889584] nvidia-nvlink: Nvlink Core is being initialized, major device number 240
35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.891260] nvidia 0000:04:00.0: vgaarb: changed VGA decodes: olddecodes=io+mem,decodes=none:owns=io+mem
36 laptop kernel: [ 2032.007089] NVRM: loading NVIDIA UNIX x86_64 Kernel Module  515.48.07  Fri May 27 03:26:43 UTC 2022
36 laptop systemd[1]: nvidia-persistenced.service: Unit not needed anymore. Stopping.
36 laptop systemd[1]: Requested transaction contradicts existing jobs: Transaction is destructive.
36 laptop systemd[1]: nvidia-persistenced.service: Failed to enqueue stop job, ignoring: Transaction is destructive.
36 laptop systemd[1]: Starting NVIDIA Persistence Daemon...
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Verbose syslog connection opened
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Now running with user ID 126 and group ID 135
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Started (29843)
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: device 0000:04:00.0 - registered
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Local RPC services initialized
36 laptop systemd[1]: Started NVIDIA Persistence Daemon.
36 laptop systemd[1]: nvidia-persistenced.service: Unit not needed anymore. Stopping.
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Received signal 15
36 laptop systemd[1]: Stopping NVIDIA Persistence Daemon...
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Socket closed.
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: PID file unlocked.
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: PID file closed.
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: The daemon no longer has permission to remove its runtime data directory /var/run/nvidia-persistenced
36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Shutdown (29843)
36 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped NVIDIA Persistence Daemon.
36 laptop kernel: [ 2032.033697] nvidia-modeset: Loading NVIDIA Kernel Mode Setting Driver for UNIX platforms  515.48.07  Fri May 27 03:18:00 UTC 2022
36 laptop kernel: [ 2032.054319] [drm] [nvidia-drm] [GPU ID 0x00000400] Loading driver
36 laptop kernel: [ 2032.054322] [drm] Initialized nvidia-drm 0.0.0 20160202 for 0000:04:00.0 on minor 0
36 laptop kernel: [ 2032.063471] nvidia-uvm: Loaded the UVM driver, major device number 237.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes...
40 laptop systemd[1]: Started Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Light Display Manager...
40 laptop lightdm[29935]: Seat type 'xlocal' is deprecated, use 'type=local' instead
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 1.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped Light Display Manager.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes...
40 laptop systemd[1]: Started Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Light Display Manager...
40 laptop lightdm[29958]: Seat type 'xlocal' is deprecated, use 'type=local' instead
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 2.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped Light Display Manager.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes...
40 laptop systemd[1]: Started Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Light Display Manager...
40 laptop lightdm[29981]: Seat type 'xlocal' is deprecated, use 'type=local' instead
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 3.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped Light Display Manager.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes...
40 laptop systemd[1]: Started Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Light Display Manager...
40 laptop lightdm[30004]: Seat type 'xlocal' is deprecated, use 'type=local' instead
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
40 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.
41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 4.
41 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped Light Display Manager.
41 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes...
41 laptop systemd[1]: Started Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
41 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Light Display Manager...
41 laptop lightdm[30028]: Seat type 'xlocal' is deprecated, use 'type=local' instead
41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
41 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.
41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 5.
41 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped Light Display Manager.
41 laptop systemd[1]: gpu-manager.service: Start request repeated too quickly.
41 laptop systemd[1]: gpu-manager.service: Failed with result 'start-limit-hit'.
41 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Start request repeated too quickly.
41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
41 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.



Solution


Careful, you could have mdm as the default display manager, which is why this doesn't work.

If you are not sure the easiest way is to do this:

sudo apt remove mdm

After this, lightdm should start.

If you get an error like this when installing the Nvidia drivers:

WARNING: Unable to determine the path to install the libglvnd EGL vendor library config files. Check that you have pkg-config and the libglvnd development libraries installed, or specify a path with --glvnd-egl-config-path.

Just install these packages:                                

       
sudo apt install pkg-config libglvnd-dev

Linux Mint offers an easy and painless upgrade path through the last 3 versions, which means no more reinstalling to stay current with the latest version.

The only catch is that you need the latest of each version, so for 18, you need 18.3 before you can go to 19, and then 19.3 (or latest), until you go to 20.  However, it's really a small price to pay and on the machines we've tested, the upgrade went seamlessly each time (although sometimes video drivers/custom kernel modules like Nvidia get messed up and need to be reinstalled).

Notes before getting started:

You may be asked where to install grub to, which should be the same as the current install device.  If you have multiple disks you could choose them all if you are not sure (be sure you don't choose a disk that has an existing OS that it boots from though):

Step 1.) Get the latest version of Linux Mint 18 (18.3)

You will need to install timeshift and create a restore point or the installer won't let you proceed.

sudo apt install timeshift

If you want to take the risk of something going wrong and having a messed up OS you can create this file to bypass the timeshift restore point check:  /etc/timeshift.json

From the GUI go to your update manager and you should see the option to upgrade to 18.3

From the CLI (if you are an experienced admin), do this:


#backup the original official package repo list
cp /etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list ~

#edit the package repo list, change sonya to sylvia
sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
 

You can now reboot and then update to Mint 19, or if you want to be dangerous you can do it right away without rebooting.

If you using the GUI you should see this after successful upgrade:

Step 2.) Update to Mint 19

Mint 19 upgrade errors if it doesn't go like below:

Now that you have Mint 18.3 you can install the utility called "mintupgrade".

sudo apt install mintupgrade

Run the mintupgrade command:

mintupgrade upgrade

You should see something like this:

Now run this command to get Mint 19:

mintupgrade upgrade

After this is done, reboot and you can then do step 3.

Note you'll be prompted several times for your user password (sudo) and after you are all done you should see this:

Step 3.) Upgrade to Mint 20

mintupgrade upgrade

You should now see that you are being prompted to upgrade to Mint 20.  Follow the prompts and you should be good.

Mint 19 Upgrade Errors:

You will need lightdm as your display manager, rather than mdm, otherwise you get this error:

"ERROR: MDM is no longer supported in Linux Mint 19, please switch to LightDM"

Solve the MDM error by installing lightdm:

sudo apt install lightdm

When installing lightdm, you will be asked to choose the default DM, which must be set as LightDM:

 An error occurred

mint-meta-core: dependency problems - leaving unconfigured


mint-meta-mate: dependency problems - leaving unconfigured

These packages seem to be installed upon a new default install, so it's likely that the error is not something to worry about and has been observed on many successful upgrades (upgrades that were good after reboot)

Mint Upgrade Broken Stuff

Some of the items that do seem to get broken are that Caja bookmarks are all gone, which is a pain if you had a bunch or needed them.

The "Locations"/Different Timezones in the tray don't work and do not display, it almost seems like the theme or template has broken them as they are still shown under "Edit".

To fix the Locations/Calendar issue just remove the clock applet, readd and reconfigure and it will be good again.

ID3 2.4 can cause various MP3 players, especially on vehicles or even computers, not to play or at least not to display the ID3 tags.

In many cases though, since ID3 2.4 is much different than version 2.3, it will cause some players, especially in cars like Lexus not to play.  Even on the computer, you may notice if you check the properties of the MP3 that it won't open or show any details (eg. frequency, bitrate and ID3 tags).

One symptom of this in a vehicle (eg. Leuxs, VW) is you have a player that just skips through each song and doesn't play the MP3.  A firmware update can often fix this, but if you can't get the update or are afraid to update, or the dealer won't do it for some reason, then you should follow this guide.

I tried to older MP3s and found that the offending player did play them just fine.

I wondered why an old file played OK and checked using the "file tool":

file goodfile.mp3
goodfile.mp3: MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 192 kbps, 44.1 kHz, JntStereo

As you can see above, the tool clearly identified the file as being an MP3.

Then I took an example of some files that didn't play:

file somefile-fixed.mp3
somefile-fixed.mp3: Audio file with ID3 version 2.4.0

Hmm, this is different notice that it just says "Audio file" with ID3 2.4

Then I reverse engineered how some firmware may use similar tools or checks, "Audio file" is not the same as the output in the good file, which it was likely grepping on or looking for in some similar manner.

Let's remove the ID3 2.4 tag or convert to another version

sudo apt install libid3-tools

We can use the id3convert tool to strip which will solve the problem, but we probably would still prefer to keep the tags.

id3convert -s somefile-fixed.mp3
Converting somefile-fixed.mp3: attempting v1 and v2, stripped v2

But note that if we check the file, it appears to be a "normal" MP3 according to what I believe many firmwares would expect:

file somefile-fixed.mp3
somefile-fixed.mp3: MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 128 kbps, 44.1 kHz, JntStereo

We could use the convert -2 option which would preserve the tag if it had one:

id3convert -2 somefile.mp3
Converting somefile.mp3: attempting v2, converted no tag

The lesson here is just remove ID3 2.4 or convert them to an earlier version and they should now play.
 

Some things that didn't work:

I tried using lame to reencode but it still kept the id3 2.4 tags as well.

I tried using the mp3info -d switch tool to remove the tags, but it appears to not support ID3 2.4 so it didn't actually remove them.

Bonding is an excellent way to get both increased redundancy and throughput.  It is similar to the "Network Teaming" feature in Windows.

There are a few different modes but we will use mode 6, I think it's the best of both worlds, as it is not just a failover, but it provides round robin, so you will get redundancy and load balancing.  So if you have a 1G single port, you will have a combined throughput of 4G at this point.  Just bear in mind that the true throughput depends on the types of load your server is running and the type(s) of storage you are using.  If you have a RAID array or non-RAID array that cannot deliver 4G of disk bandwidth and you're server files, then it will be a bottleneck.

Note that the only modes that DON'T Require LACP/Etherchannel config on the switch are modes: 1,5,6

In our example we are going to take a Debian based server with 4 NIC ports (eth0, eth1, eth2, eth3).  We've changed the NICs to have proper names instead of the original names enp4s0f0, enp4s0f1, enp4s1f0, enp4s1f1.

We enabled the BIOS Dev names feature in the kernel to get the eth0 naming convention back (this will ensure the possiblity that your NICs will work if you move your HDDs/RAID array to another physical server).

https://realtechtalk.com/Linux_How_To_Change_NIC_Name_to_eth0_instead_of_enps33_or_enp0s25-2303-articles

More about Bonding from the Linux Kernel.

Bonding Debian Documentation

Bonding Mode Info

The modes in bold 1,5,6 are the ones that do not require any special switch config.

Bonding Mode     Configuration on the Switch
0 - balance-rr     Requires static Etherchannel enabled (not LACP-negotiated)
1 - active-backup     Requires autonomous ports
2 - balance-xor     Requires static Etherchannel enabled (not LACP-negotiated)
3 - broadcast     Requires static Etherchannel enabled (not LACP-negotiated)
4 - 802.3ad     Requires LACP-negotiated Etherchannel enabled
5 - balance-tlb     Requires autonomous ports
6 - balance-alb     Requires autonomous ports

You will see later on that when creating our bond that we can either specify the number or name

eg:

bond-mode 0

bond-mode balance-rr

I prefer not to use 802.3ad unless necessary, as our goal is portability and flexibility and 802.3ad needs LACP/etherchannel configuration on the switch, or in other words, if you plugin to a port that is not configured for LACP, your bond will not work.

mode

	Specifies one of the bonding policies. The default is
	balance-rr (round robin).  Possible values are:

	balance-rr or 0

		Round-robin policy: Transmit packets in sequential
		order from the first available slave through the
		last.  This mode provides load balancing and fault
		tolerance.

	active-backup or 1

		Active-backup policy: Only one slave in the bond is
		active.  A different slave becomes active if, and only
		if, the active slave fails.  The bond's MAC address is
		externally visible on only one port (network adapter)
		to avoid confusing the switch.

		In bonding version 2.6.2 or later, when a failover
		occurs in active-backup mode, bonding will issue one
		or more gratuitous ARPs on the newly active slave.
		One gratuitous ARP is issued for the bonding master
		interface and each VLAN interfaces configured above
		it, provided that the interface has at least one IP
		address configured.  Gratuitous ARPs issued for VLAN
		interfaces are tagged with the appropriate VLAN id.

		This mode provides fault tolerance.  The primary
		option, documented below, affects the behavior of this
		mode.

	balance-xor or 2

		XOR policy: Transmit based on the selected transmit
		hash policy.  The default policy is a simple [(source
		MAC address XOR'd with destination MAC address XOR
		packet type ID) modulo slave count].  Alternate transmit
		policies may be	selected via the xmit_hash_policy option,
		described below.

		This mode provides load balancing and fault tolerance.

	broadcast or 3

		Broadcast policy: transmits everything on all slave
		interfaces.  This mode provides fault tolerance.

	802.3ad or 4

		IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link aggregation.  Creates
		aggregation groups that share the same speed and
		duplex settings.  Utilizes all slaves in the active
		aggregator according to the 802.3ad specification.

		Slave selection for outgoing traffic is done according
		to the transmit hash policy, which may be changed from
		the default simple XOR policy via the xmit_hash_policy
		option, documented below.  Note that not all transmit
		policies may be 802.3ad compliant, particularly in
		regards to the packet mis-ordering requirements of
		section 43.2.4 of the 802.3ad standard.  Differing
		peer implementations will have varying tolerances for
		noncompliance.

		Prerequisites:

		1. Ethtool support in the base drivers for retrieving
		the speed and duplex of each slave.

		2. A switch that supports IEEE 802.3ad Dynamic link
		aggregation.

		Most switches will require some type of configuration
		to enable 802.3ad mode.

	balance-tlb or 5

		Adaptive transmit load balancing: channel bonding that
		does not require any special switch support.

		In tlb_dynamic_lb=1 mode; the outgoing traffic is
		distributed according to the current load (computed
		relative to the speed) on each slave.

		In tlb_dynamic_lb=0 mode; the load balancing based on
		current load is disabled and the load is distributed
		only using the hash distribution.

		Incoming traffic is received by the current slave.
		If the receiving slave fails, another slave takes over
		the MAC address of the failed receiving slave.

		Prerequisite:

		Ethtool support in the base drivers for retrieving the
		speed of each slave.

	balance-alb or 6

		Adaptive load balancing: includes balance-tlb plus
		receive load balancing (rlb) for IPV4 traffic, and
		does not require any special switch support.  The
		receive load balancing is achieved by ARP negotiation.
		The bonding driver intercepts the ARP Replies sent by
		the local system on their way out and overwrites the
		source hardware address with the unique hardware
		address of one of the slaves in the bond such that
		different peers use different hardware addresses for
		the server.

		Receive traffic from connections created by the server
		is also balanced.  When the local system sends an ARP
		Request the bonding driver copies and saves the peer's
		IP information from the ARP packet.  When the ARP
		Reply arrives from the peer, its hardware address is
		retrieved and the bonding driver initiates an ARP
		reply to this peer assigning it to one of the slaves
		in the bond.  A problematic outcome of using ARP
		negotiation for balancing is that each time that an
		ARP request is broadcast it uses the hardware address
		of the bond.  Hence, peers learn the hardware address
		of the bond and the balancing of receive traffic
		collapses to the current slave.  This is handled by
		sending updates (ARP Replies) to all the peers with
		their individually assigned hardware address such that
		the traffic is redistributed.  Receive traffic is also
		redistributed when a new slave is added to the bond
		and when an inactive slave is re-activated.  The
		receive load is distributed sequentially (round robin)
		among the group of highest speed slaves in the bond.

		When a link is reconnected or a new slave joins the
		bond the receive traffic is redistributed among all
		active slaves in the bond by initiating ARP Replies
		with the selected MAC address to each of the
		clients. The updelay parameter (detailed below) must
		be set to a value equal or greater than the switch's
		forwarding delay so that the ARP Replies sent to the
		peers will not be blocked by the switch.

1.) Install ifenslave or this will not work, bonding needs the ifenslave package:

apt install ifenslave

Disable NetworkManager.

2.) Modify /etc/network/interfaces

In this example it is a server with 4 NICs named

eth0 eth1 eth2 eth3 #adjust to what you have.

The order here really matters or things will NOT work.  We need to bring up the individual NICs first, otherwise the NICs will fail to join the bond0 and your networking will be broken.

Explanation of bonding in /etc/network/interfaces

1. First we specify each NIC that will be part of our bond, as being "auto", manual and "bond-master bond0".

2. Next we define our bond0, using auto, choosing bond-mode 0 for round-robin and declaring that we don't have any bond-slaves.  This is OK since we are actually enslaving the devices to bond0 in the iface statement for each NIC.

3. Finally we setup our br0, which we tell to just use the bond0 port (whereas typically for bridging br0 in Linux we would tell br0 to use actual physical NIC interfaces).

# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet manual
    bond-master bond0
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet manual
    bond-master bond0
auto eth2
iface eth2 inet manual
    bond-master bond0
auto eth3
iface eth3 inet manual
    bond-master bond0

auto bond0
iface bond0 inet manual
    bond-mode 6
    bond-slaves none


auto br0
iface br0 inet static
  address 192.168.1.5
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  gateway 192.168.1.1
  bridge_ports bond0
  bridge_stp off
  bridge_fd 0
  bridge_maxwait 0

3.) Apply the changes and reboot

The easiest way to get bonding working properly is to reboot the system, otherwise your bond will either not start or only 1 slave will join the bond.

However, if you want to give it a quick shot you could bring down the network and then bring it back up.

systemctl stop networking


systemctl start networking

If it doesn't work, trust me, just restart the whole machine and you will be better off.

How to check the status of the bonding interface

cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0


Ethernet Channel Bonding Driver: v3.7.1 (April 27, 2011)

Bonding Mode: load balancing (xor)
Transmit Hash Policy: layer2 (0)
MII Status: up
MII Polling Interval (ms): 0
Up Delay (ms): 0
Down Delay (ms): 0

Slave Interface: eth0
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: 00:00:00:00:80:50
Slave queue ID: 0

Slave Interface: eth1
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: 00:00:00:00:80:52
Slave queue ID: 0

Slave Interface: eth2
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: 00:00:00:00:80:54
Slave queue ID: 0

Slave Interface: eth3
MII Status: up
Speed: 1000 Mbps
Duplex: full
Link Failure Count: 0
Permanent HW addr: 00:00:00:00:80:56
Slave queue ID: 0



Bonding Errors

br0: received packet on bond0 with own address as source address

If you get this /br0_received_packet_on_bond0_with_own_address_as_source_address_Linux_Solution_Mint_Debian_Redhat_CentOS_bridge_bridging-2430-articles on your bridge check this out.

If you are using mint, delete the preference that stops snap from installing (as it is required for lxc)


sudo rm /etc/apt/preferences.d/nosnap.pref
 

1. Install lxd:

sudo apt install lxd

Issues install lxd or errors? Click here

Debian at this time does not have lxd so you'll need to use snap:

sudo apt install snapd && sudo snap install core && sudo snap install lxd


*Restart your terminal/SSH session otherwise lxd won't work/be found in the PATH

 2. Configure lxd

lxd init

#defaults are normally fine

You may want to consider changing storage backend to use "dir" which literally means in the existing userspace, rather than relying on loopback devices with a fixed size (eg. like 30GB we made below).

3.) List Available Images for LXC

#note the colon : at the end below, it is needed or it won't show the available images, but rather images on your machine already which will be none at this point

lxc image list images:

This will show ALL images but perhaps it's not what you want, maybe you just want to see what Debian or Ubuntu is available?

lxc image list images:debian:

There's still a lot of images, let's just say we wanted only Debian 10 images shown?

sudo lxc image list images:debian/10

4.) Create our first Debian 10 container!

lxc launch images:debian/10 gluster01
Creating gluster01
Starting gluster01                          

The above creates a container called "gluster01" with the image "debian/10"

5.) Working with lxc

How can we see what containers are running and what their IPs are?

lxc list

Now you can enter and work with gluster01 like this:

Replace gluster01 with your container name.

lxc exec gluster01 bash

How to Make Config Changes to LXC Containers?

The command below is going to edit the config of container "gluster01" and enable the features security.nesting and security.privileged for more features for other applications like docker.

lxc config set gluster01 security.nesting=1 security.privileged=1
 

Issues installing lxd?

snap lxd install error:

snap install lxd
error: cannot perform the following tasks:
- Mount snap "lxd" (23339) (snap "lxd" assumes unsupported features: snapd2.39 (try to update snapd and refresh the core snap))


This will fix it:

snap install core

snap install lxd --channel=latest/stable
Warning: /snap/bin was not found in your $PATH. If you've not restarted your
         session since you installed snapd, try doing that. Please see
         https://forum.snapcraft.io/t/9469 for more details.

lxd 5.4-82d05d6 from Canonical✓ installed
 

Make sure that you use the 4.0 or newer track, as 3.0/older is usually not supported/non-existent and will cause the install to fail:


==> Installing the LXD snap from the 3.0 track for ubuntu-20.2
error: requested a non-existing branch on 3.0/stable for snap "lxd": ubuntu-20.2

Manually install with snap like this to fix it/solution:

snap install lxd --channel=latest/stable

2022-05-20T14:12:05-07:00 INFO Waiting for automatic snapd restart...
lxd 5.1-1f6f485 from Canonical✓ installed

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  snapd
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  lxd snapd
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 377 not upgraded.
Need to get 34.3 MB of archives.
After this operation, 147 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 snapd amd64 2.54.3+20.04.1ubuntu0.3 [34.3 MB]
Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 lxd all 1:0.10 [5,532 B]
Fetched 34.3 MB in 3s (12.0 MB/s)
Preconfiguring packages ...
Selecting previously unselected package snapd.
(Reading database ... 422832 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../snapd_2.54.3+20.04.1ubuntu0.3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking snapd (2.54.3+20.04.1ubuntu0.3) ...
Setting up snapd (2.54.3+20.04.1ubuntu0.3) ...
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/snapd.apparmor.service → /lib/systemd/system/snapd.apparmor.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/snapd.autoimport.service → /lib/systemd/system/snapd.autoimport.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/snapd.core-fixup.service → /lib/systemd/system/snapd.core-fixup.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/snapd.recovery-chooser-trigger.service → /lib/systemd/system/snapd.recovery-chooser-trigger.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/snapd.seeded.service → /lib/systemd/system/snapd.seeded.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/cloud-final.service.wants/snapd.seeded.service → /lib/systemd/system/snapd.seeded.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/snapd.service → /lib/systemd/system/snapd.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/timers.target.wants/snapd.snap-repair.timer → /lib/systemd/system/snapd.snap-repair.timer.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/snapd.socket → /lib/systemd/system/snapd.socket.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/final.target.wants/snapd.system-shutdown.service → /lib/systemd/system/snapd.system-shutdown.service.
snapd.failure.service is a disabled or a static unit, not starting it.
snapd.snap-repair.service is a disabled or a static unit, not starting it.
Selecting previously unselected package lxd.
(Reading database ... 422929 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../archives/lxd_1%3a0.10_all.deb ...
=> Installing the LXD snap
==> Checking connectivity with the snap store
==> Installing the LXD snap from the 3.0 track for ubuntu-20.2
error: requested a non-existing branch on 3.0/stable for snap "lxd": ubuntu-20.2
dpkg: error processing archive /var/cache/apt/archives/lxd_1%3a0.10_all.deb (--unpack):
 new lxd package pre-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
 /var/cache/apt/archives/lxd_1%3a0.10_all.deb
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
 

This can be used on almost anything, since Gluster is a userspace tool, based on FUSE.  This means that all Gluster appears as to any application is just a directory.

Applications don't need specific support for Gluster, so long as you can tell the application to use a certain directory for storage.

One application can be for redundant and scaled storage, including for within Docker and Kubernetes, LXC, Proxmox, OpenStack, etc or just your image/web/video files or even database.

In this example, we assume that each node needs a full copy of the data and has a full storage brick in each node.  In practice, when you scale to very large amounts of storage nodes, you would not likely want each node to have a full copy of the data.

However, in our case, in a smaller cluster, it would be too risky not to have at least 2-3 bricks or full replicas in the cluster. 

One final production consideration, is that gluster has no inherent security to prevent clients from mounting your volumes aside from being IP based (but of course an attacker could get an IP from the correct subnet or even physically or remotely gain control of an allowed IP).  This is both convenient and a huge security hole on the part of GlusterFS.  The ideal security situation is that gluster nodes and clients communicate across a separate VLAN and an encrypted and secure VPN tunnel.

In this example I am using 3 nodes which are named gluster1, 2 and 3.

Step 1 - Install Gluster on All Nodes:

apt install glusterfs-server

Get:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye InRelease [116 kB]
Get:2 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security InRelease [44.1 kB]
Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease [39.4 kB]
Get:4 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security/main amd64 Packages [147 kB]
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Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  attr bzip2 ca-certificates file fuse glusterfs-client glusterfs-common ibverbs-providers keyutils libacl1-dev libaio1 libattr1-dev libc-dev-bin libc6-dev libevent-2.1-6 libfuse2
  libgfapi0 libgfchangelog0 libgfdb0 libgfrpc0 libgfxdr0 libglusterfs-dev libglusterfs0 libibverbs1 libicu63 libldap-2.4-2 libldap-common libmagic-mgc libmagic1 libmpdec2 libnfsidmap2
  libnl-3-200 libnl-route-3-200 libpython-stdlib libpython2-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib libpython3-stdlib libpython3.7 libpython3.7-minimal libpython3.7-stdlib
  librdmacm1 libreadline5 libreadline7 libsasl2-2 libsasl2-modules libsasl2-modules-db libsqlite3-0 libtirpc-common libtirpc3 liburcu6 libwrap0 libxml2 linux-libc-dev manpages manpages-dev
  mime-support nfs-common openssl python python-minimal python2 python2-minimal python2.7 python2.7-minimal python3 python3-asn1crypto python3-certifi python3-cffi-backend python3-chardet
  python3-cryptography python3-idna python3-jwt python3-minimal python3-pkg-resources python3-prettytable python3-requests python3-six python3-urllib3 python3.7 python3.7-minimal
  readline-common rpcbind sensible-utils ucf xfsprogs xz-utils
Suggested packages:
  bzip2-doc glibc-doc libsasl2-modules-gssapi-mit | libsasl2-modules-gssapi-heimdal libsasl2-modules-ldap libsasl2-modules-otp libsasl2-modules-sql man-browser open-iscsi watchdog
  python-doc python-tk python2-doc python2.7-doc binutils binfmt-support python3-doc python3-tk python3-venv python-cryptography-doc python3-cryptography-vectors python3-crypto
  python3-setuptools python3-openssl python3-socks python3.7-venv python3.7-doc readline-doc xfsdump acl quota
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  attr bzip2 ca-certificates file fuse glusterfs-client glusterfs-common glusterfs-server ibverbs-providers keyutils libacl1-dev libaio1 libattr1-dev libc-dev-bin libc6-dev libevent-2.1-6
  libfuse2 libgfapi0 libgfchangelog0 libgfdb0 libgfrpc0 libgfxdr0 libglusterfs-dev libglusterfs0 libibverbs1 libicu63 libldap-2.4-2 libldap-common libmagic-mgc libmagic1 libmpdec2
  libnfsidmap2 libnl-3-200 libnl-route-3-200 libpython-stdlib libpython2-stdlib libpython2.7-minimal libpython2.7-stdlib libpython3-stdlib libpython3.7 libpython3.7-minimal
  libpython3.7-stdlib librdmacm1 libreadline5 libreadline7 libsasl2-2 libsasl2-modules libsasl2-modules-db libsqlite3-0 libtirpc-common libtirpc3 liburcu6 libwrap0 libxml2 linux-libc-dev
  manpages manpages-dev mime-support nfs-common openssl python python-minimal python2 python2-minimal python2.7 python2.7-minimal python3 python3-asn1crypto python3-certifi
  python3-cffi-backend python3-chardet python3-cryptography python3-idna python3-jwt python3-minimal python3-pkg-resources python3-prettytable python3-requests python3-six python3-urllib3
  python3.7 python3.7-minimal readline-common rpcbind sensible-utils ucf xfsprogs xz-utils
0 upgraded, 88 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 62.5 MB of archives.
After this operation, 178 MB of additional disk space will be used.
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Get:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libpython2.7-minimal amd64 2.7.16-2+deb10u1 [395 kB]
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Get:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 mime-support all 3.62 [37.2 kB]
Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 readline-common all 7.0-5 [70.6 kB]
Get:7 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libreadline7 amd64 7.0-5 [151 kB]
Get:8 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libsqlite3-0 amd64 3.27.2-3+deb10u1 [641 kB]
Get:9 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libpython2.7-stdlib amd64 2.7.16-2+deb10u1 [1912 kB]
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Get:34 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates/main amd64 xz-utils amd64 5.2.4-1+deb10u1 [183 kB]
Get:35 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 attr amd64 1:2.4.48-4 [41.4 kB]
Get:36 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates/main amd64 openssl amd64 1.1.1n-0+deb10u2 [855 kB]
Get:37 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 ca-certificates all 20200601~deb10u2 [166 kB]
Get:38 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libfuse2 amd64 2.9.9-1+deb10u1 [128 kB]
Get:39 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 fuse amd64 2.9.9-1+deb10u1 [72.3 kB]
Get:40 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libaio1 amd64 0.3.112-3 [11.2 kB]
Get:41 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libtirpc-common all 1.1.4-0.4 [16.7 kB]
Get:42 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libtirpc3 amd64 1.1.4-0.4 [93.5 kB]
Get:43 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libglusterfs0 amd64 5.5-3 [2740 kB]
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Get:51 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libibverbs1 amd64 22.1-1 [51.2 kB]
Get:52 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libpython3.7 amd64 3.7.3-2+deb10u3 [1498 kB]
Get:53 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 librdmacm1 amd64 22.1-1 [65.3 kB]
Get:54 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 liburcu6 amd64 0.10.2-1 [66.4 kB]
Get:55 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libicu63 amd64 63.1-6+deb10u3 [8293 kB]
Get:56 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libxml2 amd64 2.9.4+dfsg1-7+deb10u3 [689 kB]
Get:57 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libc-dev-bin amd64 2.28-10+deb10u1 [276 kB]
Get:58 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 linux-libc-dev amd64 4.19.235-1 [1510 kB]
Get:59 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libc6-dev amd64 2.28-10+deb10u1 [2692 kB]
Get:60 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libattr1-dev amd64 1:2.4.48-4 [34.9 kB]
Get:61 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libacl1-dev amd64 2.2.53-4 [91.7 kB]
Get:62 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libglusterfs-dev amd64 5.5-3 [2608 kB]
Get:63 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-prettytable all 0.7.2-4 [22.8 kB]
Get:64 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-certifi all 2018.8.24-1 [140 kB]
Get:65 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-pkg-resources all 40.8.0-1 [153 kB]
Get:66 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-chardet all 3.0.4-3 [80.5 kB]
Get:67 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-idna all 2.6-1 [34.3 kB]
Get:68 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-six all 1.12.0-1 [15.7 kB]
Get:69 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-urllib3 all 1.24.1-1 [97.1 kB]
Get:70 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-requests all 2.21.0-1 [66.9 kB]
Get:71 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-jwt all 1.7.0-2 [20.5 kB]
Get:72 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libreadline5 amd64 5.2+dfsg-3+b13 [120 kB]
Get:73 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 xfsprogs amd64 4.20.0-1 [909 kB]
Get:74 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 glusterfs-common amd64 5.5-3 [5271 kB]
Get:75 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 glusterfs-client amd64 5.5-3 [2493 kB]
Get:76 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 glusterfs-server amd64 5.5-3 [2665 kB]
Get:77 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 ibverbs-providers amd64 22.1-1 [187 kB]
Get:78 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 keyutils amd64 1.6-6 [51.7 kB]
Get:79 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libevent-2.1-6 amd64 2.1.8-stable-4 [177 kB]
Get:80 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libnfsidmap2 amd64 0.25-5.1 [32.0 kB]
Get:81 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libsasl2-modules amd64 2.1.27+dfsg-1+deb10u2 [104 kB]
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Get:83 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 manpages-dev all 4.16-2 [2232 kB]
Get:84 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 rpcbind amd64 1.2.5-0.3+deb10u1 [47.1 kB]
Get:85 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 nfs-common amd64 1:1.3.4-2.5+deb10u1 [231 kB]
Get:86 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-asn1crypto all 0.24.0-1 [78.2 kB]
Get:87 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-cffi-backend amd64 1.12.2-1 [79.7 kB]
Get:88 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 python3-cryptography amd64 2.6.1-3+deb10u2 [219 kB]
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Step 2 - Start Glusterd on All Nodes

systemctl start glusterd

#enable on boot too or you will find your volumes do not work by themselves

systemctl enable glusterd
 

Step 3 - Connect Gluster Nodes

gluster1 IP = 10.13.132.79

gluster2 IP = 10.13.132.68

gluster3 IP = 10.13.132.21

On gluster1:

#connect to server 2

gluster peer probe 10.13.132.68

#connect to server 3

gluster peer probe 10.13.132.21

You should see this after each peer probe:

peer probe: success.

On gluster2:

#connect to server 1

gluster peer probe 10.13.132.79

You should see this after each peer probe:

peer probe: success.

On gluster3:

#connect to server 1

gluster peer probe 10.13.132.79

You should see this after each peer probe:

peer probe: success.

Check the peer status from gluster1 to make sure all is well:

gluster peer status  Number of Peers: 2

Hostname: 10.13.132.68
Uuid: 5b34c83d-489d-4981-9c59-ac991e1a014f
State: Peer in Cluster (Connected)

Hostname: 10.13.132.21
Uuid: 19e86290-3632-4e4f-9f74-4124bd61c6a0
State: Peer in Cluster (Connected)
  

Step 3 - Create your first Gluster Volume aka Make Bricks!

This can be done on any member of the Gluster cluster

mkdir -p /rttgluster/realtechtalkVolume/brick0

Format is like this:

gluster volume create VolumeName replica NumberOfServers IP:/VolumePath IP:/VolumePath IP:/VolumePath

Example based on the IPs in this blog and the /rttgluster directory as a volume location


gluster volume create realtechtalkVolume replica 3 10.13.132.79:/rttgluster/realtechtalkVolume/brick0 10.13.132.68:/rttgluster/realtechtalkVolume/brick0 10.13.132.21:/rttgluster/realtechtalkVolume/brick0

Step 4 - Start The Volume

gluster volume start realtechtalkVolume

You should see a success message and then do a "gluster volume info" and it should show the 3 nodes, bricks, and "Status: Started"

If the status is "Created" then you probably didn't do the gluster volume start like above.

Did you get an error when creating the volume?

If you are using a directory on the / root partition, it will complain as it's not recommended, but if you want to force it, then just add the "force" at the end and it will create:

Volume: failed: The brick 10.13.132.79:/rttgluster is being created in the root partition. It is recommended that you don't use the system's root partition for storage backend. Or use 'force' at the end of the command if you want to override this behavior.
 

gluster volume create realtechtalkVolume replica 3 10.13.132.79:/rttgluster/realtechtalkVolume/brick0 10.13.132.68:/rttgluster/realtechtalkVolume/brick0 10.13.132.21:/rttgluster/realtechtalkVolume/brick0 force

Step 5 - Let's use our gluster volume!

Let's move into our gluster volume in /rttgluster/realtechtalkVolume/brick0 and create a directory on any node (in our case gluster01).

Does it exist on the other nodes?

Oops, it looks like it doesn't quite work this way, files will appear in the brick0 dir but you cannot use it directly as you have to mount it using the client side "mount utility" like this:

Use the "volumename" of your volume if it is not called realtechtalkVolume

root@gluster02:~# mount -t glusterfs 10.13.132.79:realtechtalkVolume /gluster/
root@gluster02:~# cd /gluster/
root@gluster02:/gluster# ls
root@gluster02:/gluster# mkdir realtechtalkGlusterTest!
 

Now you'll see it does exist on gluster01's brick0 dir:

Making it permanent / automounting the Gluster Volume upon Boot

*Make sure that glusterd is enabled for bootup, otherwise this will fail until you manually start glusterd

systemctl enable glusterd

You will likely want the volumes to be mounted and survive a reboot, so you'll need to edit fstab on each host.

localhost:/realtechtalkVolume /gluster glusterfs defaults,_netdev 0 0


In our case, above, we are mounting with localhost (no need to specify an IP) since each server is part of the gluster volume.

The /realtechtalkVolume is the volume name and /gluster is the location we are going to mount to (I recommend keeping the mount location consistent across the nodes).

If your audio is not working and you got this in your syslog:

pulseaudio[13710]: [pulseaudio] sink-input.c: Failed to create sink input: too many inputs per sink.

The issue is generally caused by too many audio inputs, or in other words you have too many applications that are hooked into pulseaudio.

An easy and notorious offender is by having dozens of Firefox browser tabs open.

Solution:

Close all of your Firefox and the problem will normally resolve.

Let's say you have a VM file that uses 200G of dynamic space, but really only has 40G in usage.  If you add fles and delete, at some point the file will be larger than the current space you are using.

Take this image which shows is using 71G of space on the host:

The actual space being used inside the image is about 43G as we can see:

Use libguestfs-tools "virt-sparsify" to fix it, as using qemu-img to copy it does not really help in my experience.

virt-sparsify source-image.qcow2 shrunk-image.qcow2
 

This may be necessary if you have a VM or if for some reason you just want to be more efficient with your space and have the flexibility of changing your swap space at will.

What we mean is the ability to use a "swap file" or similar to the Windows "pagefile" that normally resides on the root or c: partition of Windows.

Here's all you have to do and then you to can have a single partiton with everything, including the swap file on the root partition if you desire.

1.) Create the swapfile and allocate the size you want for it (eg. 1G, 10G etc..)

fallocate -l 1G /rttswapfile
 

2.) We then change permissions so only the root user can read and write to it.

chmod 600 /rttswapfile

3.) Now turn the "swapfle" into an actual swapspace partition.

mkswap /rttswapfile

Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1024 MiB (1073737728 bytes)
no label, UUID=2a8fea79-1fd7-4241-b57f-867be99abb1e


4.) Enable the swap file

swapon /rttswapfile

5.) Make it permanent by adding it to /etc/fstab

#add this to /etc/fstab

/rttswapfile swap swap defaults 0 0

6.) Confirm the /etc/fstab is good and does not throw any errors.
 

mount -a

#there should be no output, if you get an error there is an issue with your fstab entry for the swapfile.

This happens during an apt update and is related to an issue with sources.list, which is particularly troubling, if you are doing a "live-build".

P: Configuring file /etc/apt/sources.list
Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye InRelease
Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease [39.4 kB]
Ign:3 http://security.debian.org bullseye/updates InRelease
Err:4 http://security.debian.org bullseye/updates Release
  404  Not Found [IP: 151.101.194.132 80]
Get:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main Sources [8627 kB]
Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main Translation-en [6241 kB]
Get:7 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates/main Sources [1868 B]
Get:8 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates/main amd64 Packages [2596 B]
Get:9 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates/main Translation-en [2343 B]
Reading package lists... Done                  
E: The repository 'http://security.debian.org bullseye/updates Release' does not have a Release file.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
P: Begin unmounting filesystems...
P: Saving caches...
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done



Solution

The issue is with bullseye/updates which should be bullseye-security

Change this in sources.list:

deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye/updates main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye/updates main

To this:

deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main


If you are using live-build and don't need the security packages you can just disable it with:

--security=false

in your lb config line (eg. lb config --security=false)

freshclam
ClamAV update process started at Sun Mar 20 00:30:50 2022
WARNING: Your ClamAV installation is OUTDATED!
WARNING: Local version: 0.100.3 Recommended version: 0.103.5
DON'T PANIC! Read https://www.clamav.net/documents/upgrading-clamav
main.cld is up to date (version: 62, sigs: 6647427, f-level: 90, builder: sigmgr)
WARNING: getpatch: Can't download daily-26337.cdiff from db.local.clamav.net
WARNING: getpatch: Can't download daily-26337.cdiff from db.local.clamav.net
WARNING: getpatch: Can't download daily-26337.cdiff from db.local.clamav.net
WARNING: Incremental update failed, trying to download daily.cvd
WARNING: Can't download daily.cvd from db.local.clamav.net


This is caused by having an old version of ClamAV and normally has nothing to do with freshclam.conf, assuming your internet and DNS are working correctly.  You need to get a new version of ClamAV from your distro, if none is available it is time to upgrade/migrate to a new distro on your Dedicated Server or VM/VPS.

(firefox:9562): LIBDBUSMENU-GLIB-WARNING **: Unable to get session bus: Failed to execute child process "dbus-launch" (No such file or directory)
ExceptionHandler::GenerateDump cloned child 9743
ExceptionHandler::WaitForContinueSignal waiting for continue signal...
ExceptionHandler::SendContinueSignalToChild sent continue signal to child
[Parent 9562, Gecko_IOThread] WARNING: pipe error (40): Connection reset by peer: file /build/firefox-EymEXX/firefox-69.0.1+build1/ipc/chromium/src/chrome/common/ipc_channel_posix.cc, line 358
[Parent 9562, Gecko_IOThread] WARNING: pipe error (40): Connection reset by peer: file /build/firefox-EymEXX/firefox-69.0.1+build1/ipc/chromium/src/chrome/common/ipc_channel_posix.cc, line 358
[Parent 9562, Gecko_IOThread] WARNING: pipe error (41): Connection reset by peer: file /build/firefox-EymEXX/firefox-69.0.1+build1/ipc/chromium/src/chrome/common/ipc_channel_posix.cc, line 358
^CExiting due to channel error.
Exiting due to channel error.



Install dbus-x11

apt-get install dbus-x11
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  libdbusmenu-gtk4 libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-bin libgtk2.0-common
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  dbus libdbus-1-3
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  dbus-x11
The following packages will be upgraded:
  dbus libdbus-1-3
2 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 185 not upgraded.
Need to get 324 kB of archives.
After this operation, 142 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 dbus amd64 1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6 [141 kB]
Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 libdbus-1-3 amd64 1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6 [161 kB]
Get:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 dbus-x11 amd64 1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6 [21.5 kB]
Fetched 324 kB in 0s (462 kB/s)  
(Reading database ... 48717 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../dbus_1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking dbus (1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6) over (1.10.6-1ubuntu3.4) ...
Preparing to unpack .../libdbus-1-3_1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libdbus-1-3:amd64 (1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6) over (1.10.6-1ubuntu3.4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package dbus-x11.
Preparing to unpack .../dbus-x11_1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking dbus-x11 (1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu21.22) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu11) ...
Setting up libdbus-1-3:amd64 (1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6) ...
Setting up dbus (1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6) ...
A reboot is required to replace the running dbus-daemon.
Please reboot the system when convenient.
Setting up dbus-x11 (1.10.6-1ubuntu3.6) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu11) ...
 

Did that fix it?

firefox
[Parent 24622, Gecko_IOThread] WARNING: pipe error (52): Connection reset by peer: file /build/firefox-EymEXX/firefox-69.0.1+build1/ipc/chromium/src/chrome/common/ipc_channel_posix.cc, line 358
 

Upgrade Firefox and try again:

[Parent 25398, Main Thread] WARNING: fallocate failed to set shm size: No space left on device: file /build/firefox-KkEwt1/firefox-88.0+build2/ipc/chromium/src/base/shared_memory_posix.cc:388
ExceptionHandler::GenerateDump cloned child 25407
ExceptionHandler::SendContinueSignalToChild sent continue signal to child
 

If you're in an containerized environment you may need to increase shmpages on the container.

firefox
[GFX1-]: No GPUs detected via PCI
[GFX1-]: glxtest: process failed (received signal 11)


Install procps and it will install the other packages you need:

 apt install   procps
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libgpm2 libncurses6 libprocps7 lsb-base psmisc
Suggested packages:
  gpm
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libgpm2 libncurses6 libprocps7 lsb-base procps psmisc
0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 613 kB of archives.
After this operation, 1981 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libncurses6 amd64 6.1+20181013-2+deb10u2 [102 kB]
Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libprocps7 amd64 2:3.3.15-2 [61.7 kB]
Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 lsb-base all 10.2019051400 [28.4 kB]
Get:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 procps amd64 2:3.3.15-2 [259 kB]
Get:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 libgpm2 amd64 1.20.7-5 [35.1 kB]
Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 psmisc amd64 23.2-1+deb10u1 [126 kB]
Fetched 613 kB in 0s (2623 kB/s)
debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed
Selecting previously unselected package libncurses6:amd64.
(Reading database ... 7118 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-libncurses6_6.1+20181013-2+deb10u2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libncurses6:amd64 (6.1+20181013-2+deb10u2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libprocps7:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../1-libprocps7_2%3a3.3.15-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libprocps7:amd64 (2:3.3.15-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package lsb-base.
Preparing to unpack .../2-lsb-base_10.2019051400_all.deb ...
Unpacking lsb-base (10.2019051400) ...
Selecting previously unselected package procps.
Preparing to unpack .../3-procps_2%3a3.3.15-2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking procps (2:3.3.15-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libgpm2:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../4-libgpm2_1.20.7-5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libgpm2:amd64 (1.20.7-5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package psmisc.
Preparing to unpack .../5-psmisc_23.2-1+deb10u1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking psmisc (23.2-1+deb10u1) ...
Setting up lsb-base (10.2019051400) ...
Setting up libgpm2:amd64 (1.20.7-5) ...
Setting up psmisc (23.2-1+deb10u1) ...
Setting up libprocps7:amd64 (2:3.3.15-2) ...
Setting up libncurses6:amd64 (6.1+20181013-2+deb10u2) ...
Setting up procps (2:3.3.15-2) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/w.procps to provide /usr/bin/w (w) in auto mode
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-10) ...
 

After this you will find that you have proc, ps, w etc...

There is a random bug that sometimes occurs with Vbox NAT mode DNS, although it has never happened in the past and Vbox was working fine until recently.

The symptom is that you can see it does get an IP + DNS from the Vbox NAT DHCP. 

Below we use resolvectl dns and verify the DNS server is set to 10.0.2.3 which is the DNS from Vbox NAT.  We can ping it but it does not respond to any DNS requests when we use dig @10.0.2.3 realtechtalk.com and find there was no response.

How Can We Fix The VBOX NAT DNS not working failure issue?

A quick simple work-around is to switch your network mode to NAT network or Bridged mode (if security is not an issue).

Some guides suggest taking vboxnet0 up and down eg. (ifconfig down vboxnet0;ifconfig vboxnet0 up) but this doesn't help.  Even restarting or powering down/up does not fix it.

Trying to disconnect and reconnect the virtual network cable or/adapter, and also bringing the VM NIC up and down doesn't help.

Restarting the "virtualbox" service did not help.

The Best Docker Tutorial for Beginners

We quickly explain the basic Docker concepts and show you how to do the most common tasks from starting your first container, to making custom images, a Docker Swarm Cluster Tutorial, docker compose and Docker buildfiles.

What is Docker?

According to the Docker project "Docker helps developers bring their ideas to life by conquering the complexity of app development." -- https://github.com/docker

Docker is meant for businesses and developers alike to efficiently (think faster, safe/more secure, large scale) build software applications and provide services through these applications.

Docker itself has borrowed from the traditional Virtualization layer (eg. Virtuozzo/OpenVZ) to another lower, more simple level in comparison to the already efficient VE/VPS server model.  In the VE/VPS model, OS's would run on the same Linux kernel but have a completely separate operating environment, IPs and ability to login as root and configure nearly any service as if it were a physical server (with some minor limitations).  This is still possible in Docker but it is not the most common use case, in our opinion.

This abstraction we refer to is based on the fact that Docker itself is not a virtual OS, as much as it can do VEs using the kernel namespaces feature.  But with Docker the whole process is more streamlined and automated, namely due to the tools and utilities that Docker has created.  Rather than relying on an OS, Docker relies on JUST the files to run the application.  For example if you run nginx or Apache in Docker, you don't need to have any other unrelated services or files like you would on a traditional OS.  This effectively means that Docker can have almost 0 overhead, even compared to the VE/VPS method which already had very low overhead.

However, we could argue that the VE model while being efficient, still had additional overhead when compared to an Apache or nginx Docker image as an example.  If we wanted to have 500 VPSs/VEs running on say Debian 10 to run our web infrastructure, it would normally mean that we would have 500 installs of Debian 10 running.  Docker makes this unnecessary and instead you would run multiple Docker containers with an Apache image in order to achieve this.  The catch is that running the 500 Docker containers means there is no additonal RAM overhead that an OS would require such as memory and CPU cycles responsible for logging, journaling, and other processes that run in a default Debian.

Commercial Docker Solutions

There are a number of "Commercial Docker Hosting Solutions", Docker hosting providers, who provide this as CaaS (Container as a Service) for those who want to save the time and resources on maintaining and configuring the Docker infrastructure and focus entirely on developing within a preconfigured Docker environment.

For most production users, you will want a provider with a Docker Swarm Cluster for HA and Load Balancing, giving you a nice blend of higher performance and redundancy.

It is important to remember that the average solution is a "shared solution" which means you are sharing the resources of physical servers with likely dozens or hundreds of thousands of users.

For those who need consistent performance you will want a semi-private or completely Dedicated Docker solution with physical servers and networking Dedicated to your organization alone.

Why Docker?

Docker is purpose built for quickly and efficiently building dozens, hundreds or even thousands of applications which are largely preconfigured, whether a minimal Ubuntu for testing or production, or Asterisk, nginx, Apache, there are literally thousands of images maintained by the community.  Docker is also very easy to automate whether using Ansible or Docker Compose, whether small or large scale, Docker just makes things easier and faster than the traditional manual or Cloud VM alone method.

Let's see a real life example based on the example in the "What Is Docker?" section where we compare the overhead of VEs/VMs vs a straight httpd image from Docker.

An example of how efficient Docker is (500 Docker Containers vs 500 VMs)

Here's an example of the very lightweight Debian 10 default install running:

Notice that the default OS uses about 823MB of space, and keep in mind that most other Linux OS's would use a lot more.

How about the RAM usage on the same VM?

We haven't even tracked the CPU cycles the OS uses over time but currently we can compare the following:

• RAM usage

• Disk usage

In our example we said we would have 500 VMs to run the web infrastructure.

Let's see what the "base/default of Debian 10" would require in terms of disk space and RAM alone:

Traditional default RAM usage = 500 VMs * 52MB of RAM per VM = 26000MB (or almost 26G RAM)

Traditional default disk usage = 500 VMs * 823M of disk space per VM = 411500MB (over 400G of disk space)

Hopefully this example shows how quickly the wasted RAM and disk space can add up, this adds more to your computing/Cloud/Server bills and doesn't even address the extra overhead of CPU cycles for the 500 VMs to be running.

Now there are ways to mitigate this if you have VEs by using things like ksm, but it will still not beat Docker's efficiency.

What is a Docker Image?

The best way again to compare Docker is to the traditional VE method of OpenVZ.  OpenVZ modifies the OS's so they can run within the same kernel space as the host and provide isolation and excellent performance.  As a result OpenVZ OS images are EXTREMELY optimized and generally smalelr than even the defaults of the standard/minimal OS install.

Docker does something similar and almost builds off the same concept as OpenVZ, it doesn't aim to virtualize the OS at all, but rather aims to provide JUST the required files/binaries to run a certain application.

For example in Docker we would deploy a container that just has Apache or Nginx running on it.  Images are generally created for single and specific purposes, so you can also find images for running MySQL or PostgreSQL etc..

You can see the list of Docker Images on Docker hub here: https://hub.docker.com/

What are Docker Containers Used For Running?

Docker Containers run "Docker Images", as an instance, in a similar concept as we say that a VMWare VM may be running an image of Debian 10 (but keeping in mind again that Docker Images do not containerize the full unmodified OS but just the underlying application alone, normally).

What is Docker Swarm?

Docker Swarm is a mode and what we called the "Clustered/Load Balanced" enabled Docker which allows us to scale, balance and provide some redundancy to our services running on Docker. 

It allows you to manage the Docker Cluster, is decentralized, supports scaling by adding or removing tasks based on what you specify as the number of tasks, service discovery by assigning a unique DNS name and auto load balancing, abiliity to incrementally roll updates and roll back if there is an issue, reconcillation by starting new containers to replace dead ones (eg. if you told Docker to run 20 replicas and a server died and took down 5, another 5 would respawn on the available Docker workers in the Swarm/Cluster).

Docker SWARM docs.

What Is Docker Software?

Docker is the same software tool described in the previous sections, that enables all of the functionality that we have described, namely the images that we run Containers from and the ability to manage and deploy various applications with Docker.

For example in Linux/Ubuntu/Debian the software package that provides the docker software is called "docker-compose"

Docker vs Kubernetes?

We will make a full series on this, but clearly from our examples, we can see that Docker does not have the same level of management, monitoring and ability to automatically scale in the way that Kubernetes does, nor does it have the same level of self-healing properties.

Docker is simple and efficient, can still scale and provide excellent performance and is likely better suited to smaller scale projects where you don't have the entire internet and world accessing them, according to some (this is a highly debated topic). 

Where Docker shines is the ease and speed that it can be deployed due to its simplicity.  If you don't require the extra features and benefits of running a massive Kubernetes Cluster, and/or you don't have the resources to manage it, you can either outsource your Kubernetes Service, or Docker Service, or rent some servers in order to build your own in-house Docker Swarm.

Easy How To Tutorial: Install Docker and Run Your First Container

This is based on Ubuntu/Debian/Mint.

1.) Install Docker Compose

docker-compose the name of the package that tells our Debian/Mint/Ubuntu to install all of the required files for us to actually use docker including the "docker.io" which gives us the docker binary (technically we could just do apt install docker.io though)

apt install docker-compose

How To Run Docker as non-root user without sudo

On most installs of docker /var/run/docker.sock (docker socket) is owned by user root and group docker.  The simplest way is to add your current user to the docker group like below.

Change yourusername with your actual username that you want to run docker as.

usermod -a -G docker yourusername


2.) Docker and the "docker" Binary Command

Let's learn some of the basic commands to get a docker container going.

Docker Command Cheatsheet

How To Check all of our RUNNING Containers:

docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
f422c457dc90        debian              "bash"              19 minutes ago      Up 2 seconds                            realtechtalkDebianTest

How To Check all of our Containers (even the ones not running):

docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS                     PORTS               NAMES
dc2e352fa949        centos              "/bin/bash"         13 minutes ago      Exited (0) 4 minutes ago                       realtechtalkCentOS
f422c457dc90        debian              "bash"              20 minutes ago      Up 32 seconds                                  realtechtalkDebianTest

All flags for checking docker containers:

  -a, --all             Show all containers (default shows just running)
  -f, --filter filter   Filter output based on conditions provided
      --format string   Pretty-print containers using a Go template
  -n, --last int        Show n last created containers (includes all
                        states) (default -1)
  -l, --latest          Show the latest created container (includes all
                        states)
      --no-trunc        Don't truncate output
  -q, --quiet           Only display numeric IDs
  -s, --size            Display total file sizes
 

How To Stop A Running Docker Container:

docker stop dc2e352fa949

The last "dc2e352fa949" is the ID of a running container, which is an example from the docker ps -a above which lists all of the container running IDs.

How To Start and Attach To a Docker Container:

docker start -a gpt2
 

How To Start A Stopped Docker Container:

docker start dc2e352fa949

Replace the last part "dc2e352fa94" with your Docker containerid

How To Restart A Running Docker Container:

docker restart dc2e352fa949

How To Remove/Delete Container(s):

docker rm dc2e352fa949

You can pass multiple container IDs by using a space after each one.

docker rm dc2e352fa949 f422c457dc90

How To Attach/Connect to a running container:

docker attach f422c457dc90
root@f422c457dc90:/# ls
bin  boot  dev    etc  home  lib    lib64  media  mnt  opt    proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
 

What happens if we try to attach a non-running/stopped Container?

docker attach 51f7dc473194
You cannot attach to a stopped container, start it first
 

List our docker images (on our local machine):

docker image list
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
ubuntu              latest              2b4cba85892a        10 days ago         72.8MB
debian              latest              d40157244907        13 days ago         124MB
centos              latest              5d0da3dc9764        5 months ago        231MB



How can we leave, exit detach or disconnect from the console of a container without killing it?

Hitting Ctrl + P and Ctrl + Q in sequence will detach you from the console while leaving the container running.  Otherwise the container will normally be killed/stopped if you type exit at the bash prompt of the console.

All Docker Commands:

Commands:

1.       attach      Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running      container
2.       build       Build an image from a Dockerfile
3.       commit      Create a new image from a container's changes
4.       cp          Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
5.       create      Create a new container
6.       diff        Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem
7.       events      Get real time events from the server
8.       exec        Run a command in a running container
9.       export      Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
10.       history     Show the history of an image
11.       images      List images
12.       import      Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
13.       info        Display system-wide information
14.       inspect     Return low-level information on Docker objects
15.       kill        Kill one or more running containers
16.       load        Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
17.       login       Log in to a Docker registry
18.       logout      Log out from a Docker registry
19.       logs        Fetch the logs of a container
20.       pause       Pause all processes within one or more containers
21.       port        List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
22.       ps          List containers
23.       pull        Pull an image or a repository from a registry
24.       push        Push an image or a repository to a registry
25.       rename      Rename a container
26.       restart     Restart one or more containers
27.       rm          Remove one or more containers
28.       rmi         Remove one or more images
29.       run         Run a command in a new container
30.       save        Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
31.       search      Search the Docker Hub for images
32.       start       Start one or more stopped containers
33.       stats       Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
34.       stop        Stop one or more running containers
35.       tag         Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE
36.       top         Display the running processes of a container
37.       unpause     Unpause all processes within one or more containers
38.       update      Update configuration of one or more containers
39.       version     Show the Docker version information
40.       wait        Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes
     

3.) Create our first "ubuntu" docker container

Let's get the latest version of Ubuntu, it will "pull" (download it) automatically.

docker pull ubuntu
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/ubuntu
7c3b88808835: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:8ae9bafbb64f63a50caab98fd3a5e37b3eb837a3e0780b78e5218e63193961f9
Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:latest

But what if we didn't want the latest Debian?  Let's say we wanted Debian 10, we can use the tag to get other available versions.

docker pull debian:10
10: Pulling from library/debian
1c9a8b42b578: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:fd510d85d7e0691ca551fe08e8a2516a86c7f24601a940a299b5fe5cdd22c03a
Status: Downloaded newer image for debian:10


Notice that we added a :10  to our pull command, that specifies the tag we want which means another version of that image (eg. Debian 10).

*Remember that the tag feature works the same way in other commands in Docker such as "run" or "create".

To illustrate this see the example below from the official Debian image on Docker Hub.

Notice that for Debian 10 there are multiple tags that get you the same thing eg we could have used: buster, 10.11, 10, buster-202202228

For example we could have used any of the tags as debian:buster or debian:10.11 etc, they all give you the same Debian 10 image but are different, easy ways that a user can often guess the tag for.

You can also seach for docker images using docker search:

docker search linuxmint
NAME                        DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
linuxmintd/mint19-amd64     Linux Mint 19 Tara (64-bit)                     7                                       
linuxmintd/mint20-amd64     Linux Mint 20 Ulyana (64-bit)                   7                                       
linuxmintd/mint19.3-amd64   Linux Mint 19.3 Tricia (64-bit)                 7                                       
linuxmintd/mint19.1-amd64   Linux Mint 19.1 Tessa (64-bit)                  3                                       
linuxmintd/mint19.2-amd64   Linux Mint 19.2 Tina (64-bit)                   1                                       
linuxmintd/mint17-amd64     Linux Mint 17.3 Rosa (64-bit)                   1                                       
 


We can see our container in our image list now:

docker image list
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
ubuntu              latest              2b4cba85892a        10 days ago         72.8MB
 

How can we attach to a container that was created without an interactive terminal?

docker exec -it containername bash

Let's "create" and "run", then start a new container based on the "ubuntu" image we just pulled.

docker run --name realtechtalkDockerImage -it ubuntu

• -i = Interactive Session to STDIN
• -t = allocate pseudo tty

Notice in our examples that run actually pulls the image (if not pulled already), and then creates the container and then runs it. It's a bit of a shortcut if it's out intention to create and run a new container immediately. If you don't want to create and run the container immediately, then you would not use "docker create" instead of "docker run"

Eg. docker create --name realtechtalkDockerImage -it ubuntu

Here are more options that "run" offers:

For example we could set memory limits with "-m 4G" to set a 4G memory limit on the container or set CPU limitations.

You can also do this later on an already running/created container by using "docker update containername -m 4G"

the same applies for the other options below, they can be applied during creation or using docker update, after they have been created.

1.       --add-host list                  Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
2.   -a, --attach list                    Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR
3.       --blkio-weight uint16            Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000, or 0 to disable (default 0)
4.       --blkio-weight-device list       Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default [])
5.       --cap-add list                   Add Linux capabilities
6.       --cap-drop list                  Drop Linux capabilities
7.       --cgroup-parent string           Optional parent cgroup for the container
8.       --cidfile string                 Write the container ID to the file
9.       --cpu-period int                 Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
10.       --cpu-quota int                  Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
11.       --cpu-rt-period int              Limit CPU real-time period in microseconds
12.       --cpu-rt-runtime int             Limit CPU real-time runtime in microseconds
13.   -c, --cpu-shares int                 CPU shares (relative weight)
14.       --cpus decimal                   Number of CPUs
15.       --cpuset-cpus string             CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
16.       --cpuset-mems string             MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
17.   -d, --detach                         Run container in background and print container ID
18.       --detach-keys string             Override the key sequence for detaching a container
19.       --device list                    Add a host device to the container
20.       --device-cgroup-rule list        Add a rule to the cgroup allowed devices list
21.       --device-read-bps list           Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default [])
22.       --device-read-iops list          Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default [])
23.       --device-write-bps list          Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default [])
24.       --device-write-iops list         Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default [])
25.       --disable-content-trust          Skip image verification (default true)
26.       --dns list                       Set custom DNS servers
27.       --dns-option list                Set DNS options
28.       --dns-search list                Set custom DNS search domains
29.       --entrypoint string              Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image
30.   -e, --env list                       Set environment variables
31.       --env-file list                  Read in a file of environment variables
32.       --expose list                    Expose a port or a range of ports
33.       --group-add list                 Add additional groups to join
34.       --health-cmd string              Command to run to check health
35.       --health-interval duration       Time between running the check (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
36.       --health-retries int             Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
37.       --health-start-period duration   Start period for the container to initialize before starting health-retries countdown (ms|s|m|h)
38.                                        (default 0s)
39.       --health-timeout duration        Maximum time to allow one check to run (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
40.       --help                           Print usage
41.   -h, --hostname string                Container host name
42.       --init                           Run an init inside the container that forwards signals and reaps processes
43.   -i, --interactive                    Keep STDIN open even if not attached
44.       --ip string                      IPv4 address (e.g., 172.30.100.104)
45.       --ip6 string                     IPv6 address (e.g., 2001:db8::33)
46.       --ipc string                     IPC mode to use
47.       --isolation string               Container isolation technology
48.       --kernel-memory bytes            Kernel memory limit
49.   -l, --label list                     Set meta data on a container
50.       --label-file list                Read in a line delimited file of labels
51.       --link list                      Add link to another container
52.       --link-local-ip list             Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses
53.       --log-driver string              Logging driver for the container
54.       --log-opt list                   Log driver options
55.       --mac-address string             Container MAC address (e.g., 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33)
56.   -m, --memory bytes                   Memory limit
57.       --memory-reservation bytes       Memory soft limit
58.       --memory-swap bytes              Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
59.       --memory-swappiness int          Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1)
60.       --mount mount                    Attach a filesystem mount to the container
61.       --name string                    Assign a name to the container
62.       --network string                 Connect a container to a network (default "default")
63.       --network-alias list             Add network-scoped alias for the container
64.       --no-healthcheck                 Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK
65.       --oom-kill-disable               Disable OOM Killer
66.       --oom-score-adj int              Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000)
67.       --pid string                     PID namespace to use
68.       --pids-limit int                 Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited)
69.       --privileged                     Give extended privileges to this container
70.   -p, --publish list                   Publish a container's port(s) to the host
71.   -P, --publish-all                    Publish all exposed ports to random ports
72.       --read-only                      Mount the container's root filesystem as read only
73.       --restart string                 Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no")
74.       --rm                             Automatically remove the container when it exits
75.       --runtime string                 Runtime to use for this container
76.       --security-opt list              Security Options
77.       --shm-size bytes                 Size of /dev/shm
78.       --sig-proxy                      Proxy received signals to the process (default true)
79.       --stop-signal string             Signal to stop a container (default "SIGTERM")
80.       --stop-timeout int               Timeout (in seconds) to stop a container
81.       --storage-opt list               Storage driver options for the container
82.       --sysctl map                     Sysctl options (default map[])
83.       --tmpfs list                     Mount a tmpfs directory
84.   -t, --tty                            Allocate a pseudo-TTY
85.       --ulimit ulimit                  Ulimit options (default [])
86.   -u, --user string                    Username or UID (format:
87.       --userns string                  User namespace to use
88.       --uts string                     UTS namespace to use
89.   -v, --volume list                    Bind mount a volume
90.       --volume-driver string           Optional volume driver for the container
91.       --volumes-from list              Mount volumes from the specified container(s)
92.   -w, --workdir string                 Working directory inside the container

But we don't need to have the image manually pulled, let's see what happens if we try ot just "run" a docker container based on the latest Debian image.

--name is the name that we give the Container, it could be anything but should be something meaningful.  The "debian" part means to retrieve the image called "debian".

docker run --name realtechtalkDebianTest -it debian bash
Unable to find image 'debian:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/debian
e4d61adff207: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:10b622c6cf6daa0a295be74c0e412ed20e10f91ae4c6f3ce6ff0c9c04f77cbf6
Status: Downloaded newer image for debian:latest
 

It automatically puts us into the bash command line and the user@host is the ID of the Docker container that we just created:

root@f422c457dc90:/#

It looks like a normal bash prompt and OS, but is it really?

root@f422c457dc90:/# uptime
bash: uptime: command not found
root@f422c457dc90:/# top
bash: top: command not found
root@f422c457dc90:/# ls
bin   dev  home  lib64    mnt  proc  run     srv  tmp  var
boot  etc  lib     media    opt  root  sbin  sys  usr


We can see that it has basically chrooted our local filesystem and other items:

root@f422c457dc90:/# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
overlay          18G  1.5G   16G   9% /
tmpfs            64M     0   64M   0% /dev
tmpfs           2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda1        18G  1.5G   16G   9% /etc/hosts
shm              64M     0   64M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /proc/acpi
tmpfs           2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /sys/firmware

This Debian 11 is heavily stripped down at just 135MB

root@f422c457dc90:/# du -hs /
du: cannot access '/proc/17/task/17/fd/4': No such file or directory
du: cannot access '/proc/17/task/17/fdinfo/4': No such file or directory
du: cannot access '/proc/17/fd/3': No such file or directory
du: cannot access '/proc/17/fdinfo/3': No such file or directory
135M    /


We can also see it is from the latest Debian 11:

root@f422c457dc90:/# cat /etc/os-release
PRETTY_NAME="Debian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye)"
NAME="Debian GNU/Linux"
VERSION_ID="11"
VERSION="11 (bullseye)"
VERSION_CODENAME=bullseye
ID=debian
HOME_URL="https://www.debian.org/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://www.debian.org/support"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.debian.org/"

Let's create a new CentOS latest test image:

docker run --name realtechtalkCentOS -it centos
Unable to find image 'centos:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/centos
a1d0c7532777: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:a27fd8080b517143cbbbab9dfb7c8571c40d67d534bbdee55bd6c473f432b177
Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest
[root@dc2e352fa949 /]#
 

But this CentOS 8 image is different, it has a lot of "normal" utilities and is less stripped down than the Debian image:

The above all looks normal so is Docker just the same or similar to OpenVZ VEs which are kernel based isolated VMs/OS's?

Let's get an httpd (Apache) Docker Image running in a Container and see what happens....

docker run --name rttApacheTest -it httpd
Unable to find image 'httpd:latest' locally
latest: Pulling from library/httpd
f7a1c6dad281: Pull complete
f18d7c6e023b: Pull complete
bf06bcf4b8a8: Pull complete
4566427976c4: Extracting [===========================>                       ]  13.11MB/24.13MB
4566427976c4: Extracting [================================>                  ]  15.47MB/24.13MB
4566427976c4: Extracting [==================================>                ]  16.52MB/24.13MB
4566427976c4: Pull complete
70a943c2d5bb: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:b7907df5e39a98a087dec5e191e6624854844bc8d0202307428dd90b38c10140
Status: Downloaded newer image for httpd:latest



AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 172.17.0.2. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 172.17.0.2. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
[Mon Mar 14 03:20:32.260563 2022] [mpm_event:notice] [pid 1:tid 140469949963584] AH00489: Apache/2.4.52 (Unix) configured -- resuming normal operations
[Mon Mar 14 03:20:32.260978 2022] [core:notice] [pid 1:tid 140469949963584] AH00094: Command line: 'httpd -D FOREGROUND'
 

Hmmm, we are running in the foreground and we can't do anything with the pseudo tty, all we can do is hit Ctrl + C.

After that the container is stopped, maybe we can just reattach and work with the Container?

docker attach 51f7dc473194
[Mon Mar 14 03:26:50.258703 2022] [mpm_event:notice] [pid 1:tid 139755667373376] AH00492: caught SIGWINCH, shutting down gracefully
 

In the cases of images that won't have a real environment or pseudo tty you don't want the default of "attaching" to the console as you won't be able to do anything.

Here is how we should create the Container with an Image like httpd (another work around is creating with "create" instead of run):

docker run --name testagain -dp 80:80 httpd

We use "-d" for detached which makes things work well.  Because we "exposed" the port and mapped the host port to container port 80 (where httpd runs), we can also check Apache is responding properly by visiting our host IP in our browser.

You should see your Docker httpd return this:

How Can We Modify The Existing index.html for httpd?

This is more of an exercise of understanding how to work with images, let's run this image and delete it once we're done to look at the filestructure.

First I created my own index.html in the Docker host:

In our case we know we are looking for index.html, we can do a few things here to get a feel such as ls -al:

We can also just do a find and grep on index.html

docker run --rm  httpd find /|grep index.html
/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/index.html


Make sure that you do find /, if you do find . it is relative to the pwd which would be the home directory of /usr/local/apache2 and would return /htdocs when that is not the right full path.

So now we know that index.html is in /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/, so we can use the docker cp command to copy it there:

docker cp index.html 6ecdafe65d6a:/usr/local/apache2/htdocs/

Note that even if we used /htdocs or htdocs as the destination in our copy, it will fail to update and work as expected.

The index.html is the file I created and is assumed to be in the pwd, if not, specify the full absolute path to index.html and the 6ecdafe65d6a is the Container ID we want to copy to and the :/usr/local/apache2/htdocs means we are putting the index.html in that directory (which is where it belongs and is served from in our httpd container).

Did it work? Let's refresh our Apache IP in the browser:

Docker Exposing Ports/Port Mapping

This is required to expose the application/Container to the internet/LAN so outside users can use and connect to it.

IN the previous command for httpd we used the following flag to expose the ports:

-p 80:80

The -p is for "Publish a container's port(s) to the host" and works as follows:

The left side is the host port, and the right side is the container port.  In other words the Container port is the port that the app within the container is listening on.  It is essentially like a NAT port forward from the host IP's port 80.  Keep in mind that ports cannot be shared so if we start another Apache or another process that we want to be accessible by port 80, this is not possible on the same host.

Let's see what happens if we try to create a container that listens on the host port 80:

docker run --name realtechtalkOops -dp 80:80 httpd
b75a3c93db1de6ef11d043707f929d9fad4dd5225c95a12577213eefc4f567db
docker: Error response from daemon: driver failed programming external connectivity on endpoint realtechtalkOops (e2bebce275889561ff07db44fc4b658279d83fd7e0357099943573e2f9cb814f): Bind for 0.0.0.0:80 failed: port is already allocated.
 

However, we can have unlimited applications running internally on port 80.

See this example here where we used the unused port 8000 on our Docker host and forward it to another Apache running on port 80.

docker run --name anothertestagain -dp 8000:80 httpd
6ecdafe65d6a4190849fdd3676d4278603c51a4e76919a1496f919b0ebb63b04
 

Notice that we used -p 8000:80 which means we are forwarding host port 8000 to internal port 80 which works since port 8000 on the host is unused.

This works just the same for any Docker container, whether we had port 3306 open for MySQL or 1194 for OpenVPN, we can have unlimited Containers running on the same port, but we cannot have unlimited Containers sharing the same host port.

What if we forget what Container is Mapped to which Port?

docker ps will show us the mapping under PORTS

CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND              CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
6ecdafe65d6a        httpd               "httpd-foreground"   15 minutes ago      Up 15 minutes       0.0.0.0:8000->80/tcp   anothertestagain
2ea38a08864b        httpd               "httpd-foreground"   37 minutes ago      Up 37 minutes       0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp     testagain


How To Get Docker Container IP Address

docker inspect containername|grep "IPAddress"

How To Force Kill A Docker Container that is Stuck or Won't Stop

In our case ID 5451e79d8b56 did not like the grep command and hung, so we need to force kill it.

docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
5451e79d8b56        httpd               "grep -r index.html /"   About a minute ago   Up 59 seconds       80/tcp                 infallible_khayyam
6ecdafe65d6a        httpd               "httpd-foreground"       24 minutes ago       Up 24 minutes       0.0.0.0:8000->80/tcp   anothertestagain
2ea38a08864b        httpd               "httpd-foreground"       About an hour ago    Up About an hour    0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp     testagain
954924cb201f        httpd               "httpd-foreground"       4 hours ago          Up About an hour    80/tcp                 rttApache
 

docker rm 5451e79d8b56
Error response from daemon: You cannot remove a running container 5451e79d8b56fce3db872ad8e221abc612e0d9282aaf7619981c3473b3d61808. Stop the container before attempting removal or force remove
 

Force remove the hung Container

docker rm 5451e79d8b56 --force

How Do We Create Our Own Docker Image?

Generally the easiest way without reinventing the wheel is to use a pre-existing image whether it is an OS image or httpd, MySQL etc.., you can use any image as your "base", customize it as you need and then save it as a deployable image that you can create Containers from.

Let's take an example of httpd that we just used, by default we just get an "It Works" from the httpd from Docker.  What if we wanted the custom index.html to be present by default?

Use the "commit" command to create your custom image!

docker commit anothertestagain realtechtalk_httpd_tag_ondemand

anothertestagain = the name of the running container (found under ps)

realtechtalk_httpd_tag_ondemand = the name of our image that we create

You can add a tag at the same time as committing:

docker commit anothertestagain realtechtalk_httpd_tag_ondemand:yourtag

#otherwise the tag defaults to latest

How To Add The Tag After Committing Already:

The testimage:latest assumes your image name is testimage and has the tag "latest" (the default if you don't choose a tag when committing/creating an image).

The second part testimage:new is the new name of the image and its tag.  You can keep the same name and just change the new.

docker tag testimage:latest testimage:new


You can check it under "docker images"

docker images
REPOSITORY                        TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED              SIZE
realtechtalk_httpd_tag_ondemand   latest              ef622d9ee2ff        2 seconds ago        144MB
 

Let's create a new container from our image!

docker run --name rttmodifiedtest -d -p 9000:80 realtechtalk_httpd_tag_ondemand
5ee52fd96411b04726157f7134aff6e519067d5f2d67b08d2888f3b466556230

How Can We Backup Our Image and Restore / Move Our Image To Other Docker Nodes/Machines?

Use "Docker Save" To Backup The Image (all relevant files are taken from /var/lib/docker)

docker save -o rtt.tar realtechtalk_httpd

-o rtt.tar is the name of the output file which we define as "rtt.tar"

Now scp/rsync or move the file to another Docker Node (though we could just scp/rsync/ftp anywhere if we are just doing it for backup purposes):

scp rtt.tar root@10.10.1.250:
    rtt.tar                                                                                                                                                 100%  141MB  49.0MB/s   00:02    
 

Now use ssh to execute the restore command on the remote Docker node (you could also run it directly on the node):

ssh root@10.10.1.250 "docker load -i rtt.tar"
 

docker load -i rtt.tar means to import the file "rtt.tar" into our local images to be used by our Docker node.

We can see it was successful by noting the imported image in our list now:

Loaded image: realtechtalk_httpd:latest

 

Docker Bind Mount Volumes

Docker bind volume mounts are a quick and efficient way to just give access to host node data.  For example, did you need to quickly share some files over httpd?  Try this:

docker run -v /path/to/some/public/stuff/:/usr/local/apache2/htdocs --name areebapache -dit -p 80:80 httpd

Note that all paths MUST be absolute.  If you specify a relative path for the source (eg. just "stuff"), you'll find the bind mount will be empty in the container.

You cannot add a volume to an existing container.

What this does is expose port 80 on the node IP and gives access to whatever is in the host node /path/to/some/public/stuff by mounting it inside the container at /usr/local/apache2/htdocs. 

Obviously you can adjust to your needs and this could be done for mysql/mariadb and any other application.

Docker Volumes

Docker volume management commands:

Usage:  docker volume COMMAND

Manage volumes

Commands:
  create      Create a volume
  inspect     Display detailed information on one or more volumes
  ls          List volumes
  prune       Remove all unused local volumes
  rm          Remove one or more volumes
 

Traditional Docker volumes are the more preferred, long-term methods.

How to create a Docker Volume

docker volume create areebtestvol
areebtestvol

How to list Docker Volumes

docker volume ls
DRIVER    VOLUME NAME
local     areebtestvol
local     d96e17db67adbda22f832ca8410779f924cf03f703795027307ff2d51d619fbc
local     testingareeb
 

How do use a Docker volume

You use the --mount option and the source= is where you specify a volume that exists.  The destination is where it gets mounted to.

docker run --mount source=areebtestvol,destination=/usr/local/apache2/htdocs httpd

The physical location of the data resides here: /var/lib/docker/volumes/areebtestvol/_data

Docker Registry

We can add our custom image above to a private docker registry that is local so we can push it out without using the Docker Hub.

First let's create our registry container and publish it on port 5000 in our Cluster

docker service create --name registry --publish  5000:5000 registry:2

Let's tag our registry into a custom image:

docker tag customimage:new yourIPaddressOrDomain:5000/customimage

Do you need an insecure registry? 

This is only recommended for testing and is NOT secure or safe.

create this file: /etc/docker/daemon.json

add this (change to the hostname or IP your registry should be accessible on

{
  "insecure-registries" : ["YourIPAddressOrDomain:5000"]
}

You will not be able to push or pull from the registry unless you create valid SSL certs:

Source: https://docs.docker.com/registry/deploying/

Docker swarm Clustering HA/Load Balancing With Docker HowTo

Our example will use the minimum recommended amount of nodes.  Each node could represent a separate VM or physical server, it doesn't matter as long as each one is a separate Docker install (at least for our testing for now).

This assumes that the "docker" binary is installed and working on all 3 machines already.

We will have 3 machines in our swarm:

1. Docker Cluster Manager 192.168.1.249
2. Docker Worker 01 192.168.1.250
3. Docker Worker 02 192.168.1.251

1.) Create A Docker swarm

On our "Docker Cluster Manager":

docker swarm init --advertise-addr 192.168.1.249
Swarm initialized: current node (glmv7jqmwuo5fk3221ohigd94) is now a manager.

To add a worker to this swarm, run the following command:

    docker swarm join --token SWMTKN-1-4frt4od8te0oszxbl7gs27xyhb1q1erf308torchlf50smv3hm-avt1crisvgtwb8lssqt0rxlx1 192.168.1.249:2377

To add a manager to this swarm, run 'docker swarm join-token manager' and follow the instructions.

As we can see above, the swarm is now created just like that and we are given a join command with a token and the IP and port of our Docker swarm manager that the clients/workers will use to join.

On our Docker Worker 01 and Docker Worker 02:

docker swarm join --token SWMTKN-1-4frt4od8te0oszxbl7gs27xyhb1q1erf308torchlf50smv3hm-avt1crisvgtwb8lssqt0rxlx1 192.168.1.249:2377

How can we get / create a token for the Swarm to add a new Worker or Manager later on?

docker swarm join-token manager


docker swarm join-token worker

Check out our swarm!

By running "docker info" on the manager or a worker, you can see info about the cluster.

Here is the output from the manager:

The output tells us the NodeID, how many managers we have and how many nodes we have including the manager and other useful info.

Swarm: active
 NodeID: glmv7jqmwuo5fk3221ohigd94
 Is Manager: true
 ClusterID: lnstbluv1b5j2xq5i5ctq4wji
 Managers: 1
 Nodes: 3
 Default Address Pool: 10.0.0.0/8  
 SubnetSize: 24
 Orchestration:
  Task History Retention Limit: 5
 Raft:
  Snapshot Interval: 10000
  Number of Old Snapshots to Retain: 0
  Heartbeat Tick: 1
  Election Tick: 10
 Dispatcher:
  Heartbeat Period: 5 seconds
 CA Configuration:
  Expiry Duration: 3 months
  Force Rotate: 0
 Autolock Managers: false
 Root Rotation In Progress: false
 Node Address: 192.168.1.249
 Manager Addresses:
  192.168.1.249:2377
 

Here is the output from a worker node:

Swarm: active
 NodeID: zbbmv3x7mg3aptsdigg3rkr9s
 Is Manager: false
 Node Address: 192.168.1.251
 Manager Addresses:
  192.168.1.249:2377


Create Our First Docker swarm Enabled Container

One caveat about Swarm services is that they MUST run a command, where some images like debian:10 contain no normal entry point.  This means you must tell some images to run a command when creating a service or you will get this error:

verify: Detected task failure

docker service create debian:10
jsgf862gvv4pu0ah6iqwmliau
overall progress: 0 out of 1 tasks
overall progress: 0 out of 1 tasks
overall progress: 0 out of 1 tasks
1/1: ready     [======================================>            ]


overall progress: 0 out of 1 tasks
1/1: ready     [======================================>            ]
verify: Detected task failure


Now see that it works if we tell the service to run bash:

docker service create -t debian:10 bash
xwlwtv5og89yimir7nika7ght
overall progress: 1 out of 1 tasks
1/1: running   [==================================================>]
verify: Service converged


But we didn't tell you which node, does it matter?

docker service create --replicas 1 --name rttDockerswarmTest debian:10
Error response from daemon: This node is not a swarm manager. Worker nodes can't be used to view or modify cluster state. Please run this command on a manager node or promote the current node to a manager.
 

Oops, we used a non-manager node and the output is helpful enough to remind us that this MUST be done on a Manager node, so let's try that:

So far it looks a bit different than a single node Docker when we created a Container right?


docker service create --replicas=1 --name debtestafaa debian:10 ping 8.8.8.8
ls00macgf007kfk7ttzfh5153
overall progress: 1 out of 1 tasks
1/1: running   [==================================================>]
verify: Service converged


We also could have passed --publish to expose a port

docker service create --replicas=1 --name httpdtest --publish 9000:80 httpd

This forwards port 9000 to container port 80

How do we attach ourselves to the console of a Docker swarm Container?

docker exec -it 48804a31925d bash

Just replace 48804a31925d with the ID of the container.

How to Check/inspect our running Docker swarm service containers

docker service ls
ID                  NAME                 MODE                REPLICAS            IMAGE               PORTS
wcdj4knlv0yh        rttDockerswarmTest   replicated          1/1                 debian:10           
iir15olzazgd        rttapachetest        replicated          1/1                 httpd:latest        

For detailed info on our "rttapachetest" httpd server we type this:

--pretty disables the default JSON output.

docker service inspect rttapachetest --pretty

ID:        iir15olzazgdztat3irswyq78
Name:        rttapachetest
Service Mode:    Replicated
 Replicas:    1
Placement:
UpdateConfig:
 Parallelism:    1
 On failure:    pause
 Monitoring Period: 5s
 Max failure ratio: 0
 Update order:      stop-first
RollbackConfig:
 Parallelism:    1
 On failure:    pause
 Monitoring Period: 5s
 Max failure ratio: 0
 Rollback order:    stop-first
ContainerSpec:
 Image:        httpd:latest@sha256:73496cbfc473872dd185154a3b96faa4407d773e893c6a7b9d8f977c331bc45d
 Init:        false
Resources:
Endpoint Mode:    vip
 

Check what Docker nodes are running our service:

docker service ps rttapachetest
ID                  NAME                IMAGE               NODE                          DESIRED STATE       CURRENT STATE           ERROR               PORTS
w6n5vg0tsorx        rttapachetest.1     httpd:latest        realtchtalk-docker-worker01   Running             Running 7 minutes ago                       


You can run "docker ps" on each individual node to find out what each one is running:

docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND              CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
a668267b1497        httpd:latest        "httpd-foreground"   About an hour ago   Up About an hour    80/tcp              rttapachetest.1.w6n5vg0tsorxl0xqiyxgvp7p8


How To "Scale Up" our Docker Service Container

By default our service had 1 replica or instance.  Let's change that to add 4 more, for a total of 5.

docker service scale rttapachetest=5
rttapachetest scaled to 5
overall progress: 2 out of 5 tasks
1/5: preparing [=================================>                 ]
2/5: running   [==================================================>]
3/5: preparing [=================================>                 ]
4/5: preparing [=================================>                 ]
5/5: running   [==================================================>]
 

Watch it complete:

rttapachetest scaled to 5
overall progress: 2 out of 5 tasks
overall progress: 2 out of 5 tasks
overall progress: 2 out of 5 tasks
overall progress: 5 out of 5 tasks
1/5: running   [==================================================>]
2/5: running   [==================================================>]
3/5: running   [==================================================>]
4/5: running   [==================================================>]
5/5: running   [==================================================>]
verify: Service converged
 

Other Changes To Container:

We use --publish-add as -p often doesn't work for services and forward host port 8000 to container port 80 for the service called testhttpd.  Effectively this means all replicas are now available on port 8000.

docker service update --publish-add 8000:80 testhttpd

overall progress: 10 out of 10 tasks 
1/10: running   [==================================================>] 
2/10: running   [==================================================>] 
3/10: running   [==================================================>] 
4/10: running   [==================================================>] 
5/10: running   [==================================================>] 
6/10: running   [==================================================>] 
7/10: running   [==================================================>] 
8/10: running   [==================================================>] 
9/10: running   [==================================================>] 
10/10: running   [==================================================>] 



Inspect the difference with docker info on the swarm master:

docker service ps rttapachetest
ID                  NAME                IMAGE               NODE                                DESIRED STATE       CURRENT STATE                ERROR               PORTS
w6n5vg0tsorx        rttapachetest.1     httpd:latest        realtchtalk-docker-worker01         Running             Running 3 hours ago                              
cticxqmgsuxa        rttapachetest.2     httpd:latest        realtechtalk-docker-worker02        Running             Running about a minute ago                       
4hrwjpfc57kd        rttapachetest.3     httpd:latest        realtechtalk-docker-worker02        Running             Running about a minute ago                       
2xhboy2xwo3s        rttapachetest.4     httpd:latest        realtechtalk-docker-swarm-manager   Running             Running 2 minutes ago                            
3tb75l0rsa43        rttapachetest.5     httpd:latest        realtchtalk-docker-worker01         Running             Running 2 minutes ago

We can see above that it auto-scaled by putting 2 replicas on the worker nodes and 1 on the master node.

How To Update Docker Swarm Services Memory and other Options

The commands are different than for services that are running locally.  For example -m 4G would set a memory limit of 4G on a local container but this does not work for a Swarm service.

You could do this for a docker swarm container service:

docker service update ServiceName --limit-memory 4G

overall progress: 0 out of 1 tasks
overall progress: 0 out of 1 tasks
overall progress: 1 out of 1 tasks
1/1: running   [==================================================>]
verify: Service converged


You can see the rest of the update options below that are applicable to Docker Swarm services/containers:

Options:
      --args command                       Service command args
      --cap-add list                       Add Linux capabilities
      --cap-drop list                      Drop Linux capabilities
      --config-add config                  Add or update a config file on a service
      --config-rm list                     Remove a configuration file
      --constraint-add list                Add or update a placement constraint
      --constraint-rm list                 Remove a constraint
      --container-label-add list           Add or update a container label
      --container-label-rm list            Remove a container label by its key
      --credential-spec credential-spec    Credential spec for managed service account (Windows only)
  -d, --detach                             Exit immediately instead of waiting for the service to converge
      --dns-add list                       Add or update a custom DNS server
      --dns-option-add list                Add or update a DNS option
      --dns-option-rm list                 Remove a DNS option
      --dns-rm list                        Remove a custom DNS server
      --dns-search-add list                Add or update a custom DNS search domain
      --dns-search-rm list                 Remove a DNS search domain
      --endpoint-mode string               Endpoint mode (vip or dnsrr)
      --entrypoint command                 Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image
      --env-add list                       Add or update an environment variable
      --env-rm list                        Remove an environment variable
      --force                              Force update even if no changes require it
      --generic-resource-add list          Add a Generic resource
      --generic-resource-rm list           Remove a Generic resource
      --group-add list                     Add an additional supplementary user group to the container
      --group-rm list                      Remove a previously added supplementary user group from the container
      --health-cmd string                  Command to run to check health
      --health-interval duration           Time between running the check (ms|s|m|h)
      --health-retries int                 Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
      --health-start-period duration       Start period for the container to initialize before counting retries towards unstable (ms|s|m|h)
      --health-timeout duration            Maximum time to allow one check to run (ms|s|m|h)
      --host-add list                      Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
      --host-rm list                       Remove a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
      --hostname string                    Container hostname
      --image string                       Service image tag
      --init                               Use an init inside each service container to forward signals and reap processes
      --isolation string                   Service container isolation mode
      --label-add list                     Add or update a service label
      --label-rm list                      Remove a label by its key
      --limit-cpu decimal                  Limit CPUs
      --limit-memory bytes                 Limit Memory
      --limit-pids int                     Limit maximum number of processes (default 0 = unlimited)
      --log-driver string                  Logging driver for service
      --log-opt list                       Logging driver options
      --max-concurrent uint                Number of job tasks to run concurrently (default equal to --replicas)
      --mount-add mount                    Add or update a mount on a service
      --mount-rm list                      Remove a mount by its target path
      --network-add network                Add a network
      --network-rm list                    Remove a network
      --no-healthcheck                     Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK
      --no-resolve-image                   Do not query the registry to resolve image digest and supported platforms
      --placement-pref-add pref            Add a placement preference
      --placement-pref-rm pref             Remove a placement preference
      --publish-add port                   Add or update a published port
      --publish-rm port                    Remove a published port by its target port
  -q, --quiet                              Suppress progress output
      --read-only                          Mount the container's root filesystem as read only
      --replicas uint                      Number of tasks
      --replicas-max-per-node uint         Maximum number of tasks per node (default 0 = unlimited)
      --reserve-cpu decimal                Reserve CPUs
      --reserve-memory bytes               Reserve Memory
      --restart-condition string           Restart when condition is met ("none"|"on-failure"|"any")
      --restart-delay duration             Delay between restart attempts (ns|us|ms|s|m|h)
      --restart-max-attempts uint          Maximum number of restarts before giving up
      --restart-window duration            Window used to evaluate the restart policy (ns|us|ms|s|m|h)
      --rollback                           Rollback to previous specification
      --rollback-delay duration            Delay between task rollbacks (ns|us|ms|s|m|h)
      --rollback-failure-action string     Action on rollback failure ("pause"|"continue")
      --rollback-max-failure-ratio float   Failure rate to tolerate during a rollback
      --rollback-monitor duration          Duration after each task rollback to monitor for failure (ns|us|ms|s|m|h)
      --rollback-order string              Rollback order ("start-first"|"stop-first")
      --rollback-parallelism uint          Maximum number of tasks rolled back simultaneously (0 to roll back all at once)
      --secret-add secret                  Add or update a secret on a service
      --secret-rm list                     Remove a secret
      --stop-grace-period duration         Time to wait before force killing a container (ns|us|ms|s|m|h)
      --stop-signal string                 Signal to stop the container
      --sysctl-add list                    Add or update a Sysctl option
      --sysctl-rm list                     Remove a Sysctl option
  -t, --tty                                Allocate a pseudo-TTY
      --ulimit-add ulimit                  Add or update a ulimit option (default [])
      --ulimit-rm list                     Remove a ulimit option
      --update-delay duration              Delay between updates (ns|us|ms|s|m|h)
      --update-failure-action string       Action on update failure ("pause"|"continue"|"rollback")
      --update-max-failure-ratio float     Failure rate to tolerate during an update
      --update-monitor duration            Duration after each task update to monitor for failure (ns|us|ms|s|m|h)
      --update-order string                Update order ("start-first"|"stop-first")
      --update-parallelism uint            Maximum number of tasks updated simultaneously (0 to update all at once)
  -u, --user string                        Username or UID (format: