From a LiveCD or if you're doing something like converting your non-RAID install to mdadm here's how you would chroot properly (you have to mount your proc, sys and dev on the running system/LiveCD to your chroot environment if you want things to work right, especially if you need to run update-initramfs due to a driver change etc..)

*replace "path" with your mount/chroot path

mount -o bind /proc /mnt/path/proc
mount -o bind /dev/ mnt/path/dev
mount -o bind /sys /mnt/path/sys
chroot /mnt/path

Here's a handy script to do it (basically just give it the path to your chroot and it does the rest):

#!/bin/bash
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
 echo "Usage $0 chroot/dir"
 exit 1
fi

destination=$1
for mountit in proc sys dev dev/pts; do
   mount -o bind /$mountit $destination/$mountit
done
 

Here's a handy script to unmount the chroot'd system paths:

#!/bin/bash
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
 echo "Usage $0 chroot/dir"
 exit 1
fi


#note since /dev/pts is mounted inside /dev you have to unmount /dev/pts first rather than when we mounted /dev above we would mount /dev/pts after the fact
destination=$1
for mountit in dev/pts proc sys dev; do
   umount $destination/$mountit
done

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