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Latest Articles

  • How To Upgrade Debian 8,9,10 to Debian 12 Bookworm


    Step 1.) Upgrade to Debian 11 first

    The process to go to Debian 12 is not as smooth as 11, when trying to upgrade from Debian 10.  In fact, it doesn't work directly, so you'll first need to follow this guide to update to Debian 11, reboot and come back here if successful.

    Step 2.) Update sources.list

    Update your /etc/apt/sources.list like this:

    deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main
    deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main

    deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
    deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bookworm-security main

    deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main
    deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main

    Step 3.) Add The GPG Keys

     

    How To Get the Bookworm GPG Keys:

    A list for all Debian keys is here: https://ftp-master.debian.org/keys.html

    wget https://ftp-master.debian.org/keys/archive-key-12.asc -P /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d

    wget https://ftp-master.debian.org/keys/archive-key-12-security.asc -P /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d

    Step 4.) Update apt & Upgrade

    apt update

    apt dist-upgrade

    After you are successful, you should reboot and confirm it looks good like this:

    root@Debian10UpgradeTestAgain1111:/etc/apt# apt dist-upgrade
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree... Done
    Reading state information... Done
    Calculating upgrade... Done
    The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
      bsdmainutils libbpf0 libcbor0 libdns-export1110 libffi7 libisc-export1105 libldap-2.4-2 libmpdec2 libmpdec3 libperl5.32 libprocps8 libpython3.7-minimal libpython3.7-stdlib libpython3.9-minimal
      libpython3.9-stdlib libreadline7 libusb-0.1-4 perl-modules-5.32 python3.7 python3.7-minimal python3.9 python3.9-minimal usb.ids
    Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
    The following packages will be REMOVED:
      libsemanage1
    The following NEW packages will be installed:
      cron-daemon-common dbus-bin dbus-daemon dbus-session-bus-common dbus-system-bus-common dbus-user-session gcc-12-base libbpf1 libcbor0.8 libffi8 libfile-find-rule-perl libldap-2.5-0 libnumber-compare-perl
      libperl5.36 libproc2-0 libpython3.11-minimal libpython3.11-stdlib libsemanage2 libsepol2 libssl3 libsystemd-shared libtext-glob-perl linux-image-6.1.0-13-amd64 perl-modules-5.36 python3-charset-normalizer
      python3-pyparsing python3.11 python3.11-minimal usrmerge util-linux-extra zstd
    The following packages will be upgraded:
      adduser apparmor apt apt-utils base-files base-passwd bash bash-completion bsdextrautils bsdmainutils bsdutils busybox bzip2 ca-certificates console-setup console-setup-linux coreutils cpio cron dash dbus
      debconf debconf-i18n debian-archive-keyring debianutils diffutils discover discover-data distro-info-data dmidecode dmsetup dpkg e2fsprogs eject fdisk file findutils gdbm-l10n gettext-base gpgv grep
      grub-common grub-pc grub-pc-bin grub2-common gzip hostname ifupdown init init-system-helpers initramfs-tools initramfs-tools-core installation-report iproute2 iptables iputils-ping isc-dhcp-client
      isc-dhcp-common kbd keyboard-configuration klibc-utils kmod less libacl1 libapparmor1 libapt-pkg6.0 libargon2-1 libattr1 libaudit-common libaudit1 libblkid1 libbrotli1 libbsd0 libbz2-1.0 libc-bin
      libc-l10n libc6 libcap-ng0 libcap2 libcap2-bin libcom-err2 libcrypt1 libcryptsetup12 libcurl3-gnutls libdb5.3 libdbus-1-3 libdebconfclient0 libdevmapper1.02.1 libdiscover2 libedit2 libelf1 libestr0
      libexpat1 libext2fs2 libfastjson4 libfdisk1 libfido2-1 libfreetype6 libfuse2 libgcc-s1 libgcrypt20 libgdbm-compat4 libgdbm6 libgmp10 libgnutls30 libgpg-error0 libgssapi-krb5-2 libhogweed6 libidn2-0
      libip4tc2 libip6tc2 libiptc0 libjson-c5 libk5crypto3 libkeyutils1 libklibc libkmod2 libkrb5-3 libkrb5support0 libldap-common liblocale-gettext-perl liblognorm5 liblz4-1 liblzma5 libmagic-mgc libmagic1
      libmd0 libmount1 libncurses6 libncursesw6 libnetfilter-conntrack3 libnettle8 libnewt0.52 libnfnetlink0 libnftnl11 libnghttp2-14 libnss-systemd libp11-kit0 libpam-modules libpam-modules-bin libpam-runtime
      libpam-systemd libpam0g libpci3 libpcre2-8-0 libpcre3 libpng16-16 libpopt0 libpsl5 libpython3-stdlib libreadline8 libsasl2-2 libsasl2-modules-db libseccomp2 libselinux1 libsemanage-common libslang2
      libsmartcols1 libsqlite3-0 libss2 libssh2-1 libstdc++6 libsystemd0 libtasn1-6 libtext-charwidth-perl libtext-iconv-perl libtext-wrapi18n-perl libtinfo6 libtirpc-common libtirpc3 libudev1 libunistring2
      libusb-1.0-0 libuuid1 libwrap0 libx11-6 libx11-data libxcb1 libxext6 libxmuu1 libxtables12 libxxhash0 libzstd1 linux-base linux-image-amd64 locales login logrotate logsave lsb-base mailcap manpages mawk
      media-types mount nano ncal ncurses-base ncurses-bin ncurses-term netbase openssh-client openssh-server openssh-sftp-server openssl os-prober passwd pci.ids pciutils perl perl-base procps
      python-apt-common python3 python3-apt python3-certifi python3-chardet python3-debian python3-debianbts python3-httplib2 python3-idna python3-minimal python3-pkg-resources python3-pycurl
      python3-pysimplesoap python3-reportbug python3-requests python3-six python3-urllib3 readline-common reportbug rsyslog runit-helper sed sensible-utils systemd systemd-sysv systemd-timesyncd sysvinit-utils
      tar tasksel tasksel-data tzdata ucf udev usb.ids usbutils util-linux vim-common vim-tiny wget whiptail xauth xkb-data xxd xz-utils zlib1g
    257 upgraded, 31 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
    Need to get 164 MB of archives.
    After this operation, 500 MB of additional disk space will be used.
    Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
    Get:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 base-files amd64 12.4+deb12u2 [70.7 kB]
    Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libc-l10n all 2.36-9+deb12u3 [674 kB]
    Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 locales all 2.36-9+deb12u3 [3,904 kB]
    Get:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libc6 amd64 2.36-9+deb12u3 [2,755 kB]
    Get:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libc-bin amd64 2.36-9+deb12u3 [606 kB]
    Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 perl-modules-5.36 all 5.36.0-7 [2,815 kB]
    Get:7 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgdbm6 amd64 1.23-3 [72.2 kB]
    Get:8 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libperl5.36 amd64 5.36.0-7 [4,218 kB]
    Get:9 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 perl amd64 5.36.0-7 [239 kB]
    Get:10 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 perl-base amd64 5.36.0-7 [1,608 kB]
    Get:11 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 liblocale-gettext-perl amd64 1.07-5 [15.4 kB]
    Get:12 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtext-iconv-perl amd64 1.7-8 [14.5 kB]
    Get:13 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtext-charwidth-perl amd64 0.04-11 [9,496 B]
    Get:14 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bzip2 amd64 1.0.8-5+b1 [49.8 kB]
    Get:15 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libbz2-1.0 amd64 1.0.8-5+b1 [47.3 kB]
    Get:16 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libaudit-common all 1:3.0.9-1 [10.4 kB]
    Get:17 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcap-ng0 amd64 0.8.3-1+b3 [17.1 kB]
    Get:18 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libaudit1 amd64 1:3.0.9-1 [46.8 kB]
    Get:19 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpam0g amd64 1.5.2-6+deb12u1 [92.0 kB]
    Get:20 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcrypt1 amd64 1:4.4.33-2 [89.5 kB]
    Get:21 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libdb5.3 amd64 5.3.28+dfsg2-1 [697 kB]
    Get:22 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgdbm-compat4 amd64 1.23-3 [48.2 kB]
    Get:23 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 zlib1g amd64 1:1.2.13.dfsg-1 [86.7 kB]
    Get:24 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtext-wrapi18n-perl all 0.06-10 [8,808 B]
    Get:25 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 debconf-i18n all 1.5.82 [208 kB]
    Get:26 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 debconf all 1.5.82 [121 kB]
    Get:27 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gcc-12-base amd64 12.2.0-14 [37.5 kB]
    Get:28 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgcc-s1 amd64 12.2.0-14 [49.9 kB]
    Get:29 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsemanage-common all 3.4-1 [21.6 kB]
    Get:30 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libselinux1 amd64 3.4-1+b6 [73.7 kB]
    Get:31 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsepol2 amd64 3.4-2.1 [276 kB]
    Get:32 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsemanage2 amd64 3.4-1+b5 [89.9 kB]
    Get:33 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 passwd amd64 1:4.13+dfsg1-1+b1 [972 kB]
    Get:34 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpcre2-8-0 amd64 10.42-1 [261 kB]
    Get:35 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpam-modules-bin amd64 1.5.2-6+deb12u1 [75.6 kB]
    Get:36 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpam-modules amd64 1.5.2-6+deb12u1 [291 kB]
    Get:37 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 adduser all 3.134 [183 kB]
    Get:38 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libelf1 amd64 0.188-2.1 [174 kB]
    Get:39 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libbpf1 amd64 1:1.1.0-1 [145 kB]
    Get:40 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libmd0 amd64 1.0.4-2 [29.5 kB]
    Get:41 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libbsd0 amd64 0.11.7-2 [117 kB]
    Get:42 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcap2 amd64 1:2.66-4 [27.0 kB]
    Get:43 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtirpc-common all 1.3.3+ds-1 [14.0 kB]
    Get:44 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libssl3 amd64 3.0.11-1~deb12u2 [2,019 kB]
    Get:45 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcom-err2 amd64 1.47.0-2 [19.8 kB]
    Get:46 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libkeyutils1 amd64 1.6.3-2 [8,808 B]
    Get:47 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libk5crypto3 amd64 1.20.1-2+deb12u1 [78.9 kB]
    Get:48 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgssapi-krb5-2 amd64 1.20.1-2+deb12u1 [134 kB]
    Get:49 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libkrb5support0 amd64 1.20.1-2+deb12u1 [32.4 kB]
    Get:50 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libkrb5-3 amd64 1.20.1-2+deb12u1 [332 kB]
    Get:51 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtirpc3 amd64 1.3.3+ds-1 [85.2 kB]
    Get:52 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libiptc0 amd64 1.8.9-2 [7,032 B]
    Get:53 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxtables12 amd64 1.8.9-2 [30.8 kB]
    Get:54 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 iptables amd64 1.8.9-2 [360 kB]
    Get:55 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libip4tc2 amd64 1.8.9-2 [19.0 kB]
    Get:56 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libip6tc2 amd64 1.8.9-2 [19.4 kB]
    Get:57 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnfnetlink0 amd64 1.0.2-2 [15.1 kB]
    Get:58 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 netbase all 6.4 [12.8 kB]
    Get:59 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnetfilter-conntrack3 amd64 1.0.9-3 [40.7 kB]
    Get:60 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnftnl11 amd64 1.2.4-2 [61.6 kB]
    Get:61 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcap2-bin amd64 1:2.66-4 [34.7 kB]
    Get:62 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 iproute2 amd64 6.1.0-3 [1,046 kB]
    Get:63 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ifupdown amd64 0.8.41 [62.1 kB]
    Get:64 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 debianutils amd64 5.7-0.5~deb12u1 [103 kB]
    Get:65 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bash amd64 5.2.15-2+b2 [1,491 kB]
    Get:66 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bsdutils amd64 1:2.38.1-5+b1 [94.4 kB]
    Get:67 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgmp10 amd64 2:6.2.1+dfsg1-1.1 [563 kB]
    Get:68 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 coreutils amd64 9.1-1 [2,897 kB]
    Get:69 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 liblzma5 amd64 5.4.1-0.2 [205 kB]
    Get:70 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libzstd1 amd64 1.5.4+dfsg2-5 [290 kB]
    Get:71 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 tar amd64 1.34+dfsg-1.2 [836 kB]
    Get:72 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dpkg amd64 1.21.22 [1,567 kB]
    Get:73 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dash amd64 0.5.12-2 [91.8 kB]
    Get:74 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 diffutils amd64 1:3.8-4 [352 kB]
    Get:75 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 findutils amd64 4.9.0-4 [636 kB]
    Get:76 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 grep amd64 3.8-5 [421 kB]
    Get:77 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gzip amd64 1.12-1 [140 kB]
    Get:78 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 hostname amd64 3.23+nmu1 [10.5 kB]
    Get:79 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 login amd64 1:4.13+dfsg1-1+b1 [616 kB]
    Get:80 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libncurses6 amd64 6.4-4 [103 kB]
    Get:81 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libncursesw6 amd64 6.4-4 [134 kB]
    Get:82 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtinfo6 amd64 6.4-4 [331 kB]
    Get:83 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ncurses-bin amd64 6.4-4 [421 kB]
    Get:84 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 sed amd64 4.9-1 [329 kB]
    Get:85 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libblkid1 amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [147 kB]
    Get:86 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libmount1 amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [166 kB]
    Get:87 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsmartcols1 amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [107 kB]
    Get:88 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfdisk1 amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [194 kB]
    Get:89 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 fdisk amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [142 kB]
    Get:90 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 util-linux-extra amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [111 kB]
    Get:91 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 util-linux amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [1,177 kB]
    Get:92 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libuuid1 amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [28.8 kB]
    Get:93 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 readline-common all 8.2-1.3 [69.0 kB]
    Get:94 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libreadline8 amd64 8.2-1.3 [166 kB]
    Get:95 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgpg-error0 amd64 1.46-1 [76.9 kB]
    Get:96 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgcrypt20 amd64 1.10.1-3 [696 kB]
    Get:97 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libstdc++6 amd64 12.2.0-14 [614 kB]
    Get:98 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 liblz4-1 amd64 1.9.4-1 [62.9 kB]
    Get:99 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libargon2-1 amd64 0~20171227-0.3+deb12u1 [19.4 kB]
    Get:100 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dmsetup amd64 2:1.02.185-2 [82.0 kB]
    Get:101 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libacl1 amd64 2.3.1-3 [31.5 kB]
    Get:102 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 kmod amd64 30+20221128-1 [95.2 kB]
    Get:103 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libkmod2 amd64 30+20221128-1 [57.9 kB]
    Get:104 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 less amd64 590-2 [131 kB]
    Get:105 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnss-systemd amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [163 kB]
    Get:106 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 systemd-timesyncd amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [62.9 kB]
    Get:107 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpam-systemd amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [224 kB]
    Get:108 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 systemd amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [3,029 kB]
    Get:109 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 udev amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [1,643 kB]
    Get:110 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libudev1 amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [108 kB]
    Get:111 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libdevmapper1.02.1 amd64 2:1.02.185-2 [133 kB]
    Get:112 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libjson-c5 amd64 0.16-2 [44.1 kB]
    Get:113 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcryptsetup12 amd64 2:2.6.1-4~deb12u1 [223 kB]
    Get:114 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libapparmor1 amd64 3.0.8-3 [41.2 kB]
    Get:115 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libseccomp2 amd64 2.5.4-1+b3 [46.6 kB]
    Get:116 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsystemd-shared amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [1,691 kB]
    Get:117 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpam-runtime all 1.5.2-6+deb12u1 [161 kB]
    Get:118 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus amd64 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [97.4 kB]
    Get:119 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libdbus-1-3 amd64 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [201 kB]
    Get:120 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus-bin amd64 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [105 kB]
    Get:121 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus-session-bus-common all 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [78.2 kB]
    Get:122 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libexpat1 amd64 2.5.0-1 [99.3 kB]
    Get:123 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus-daemon amd64 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [184 kB]
    Get:124 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus-system-bus-common all 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [79.3 kB]
    Get:125 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 systemd-sysv amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [41.8 kB]
    Get:126 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libffi8 amd64 3.4.4-1 [22.9 kB]
    Get:127 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libp11-kit0 amd64 0.24.1-2 [345 kB]
    Get:128 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 mount amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [134 kB]
    Get:129 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsystemd0 amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [331 kB]
    Get:130 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxxhash0 amd64 0.8.1-1 [27.6 kB]
    Get:131 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libapt-pkg6.0 amd64 2.6.1 [907 kB]
    Get:132 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnettle8 amd64 3.8.1-2 [288 kB]
    Get:133 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libhogweed6 amd64 3.8.1-2 [328 kB]
    Get:134 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libunistring2 amd64 1.0-2 [437 kB]
    Get:135 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libidn2-0 amd64 2.3.3-1+b1 [124 kB]
    Get:136 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtasn1-6 amd64 4.19.0-2 [56.6 kB]
    Get:137 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgnutls30 amd64 3.7.9-2 [1,403 kB]
    Get:138 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 apt amd64 2.6.1 [1,373 kB]
    Get:139 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 apt-utils amd64 2.6.1 [309 kB]
    Get:140 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gpgv amd64 2.2.40-1.1 [648 kB]
    Get:141 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 debian-archive-keyring all 2023.3+deb12u1 [161 kB]
    Get:142 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libdebconfclient0 amd64 0.270 [9,900 B]
    Get:143 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 base-passwd amd64 3.6.1 [60.0 kB]
    Get:144 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnumber-compare-perl all 0.03-3 [6,332 B]
    Get:145 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtext-glob-perl all 0.11-3 [7,676 B]
    Get:146 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfile-find-rule-perl all 0.34-3 [26.6 kB]
    Get:147 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 usrmerge all 35 [12.5 kB]
    Get:148 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 init-system-helpers all 1.65.2 [49.8 kB]
    Get:149 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 vim-tiny amd64 2:9.0.1378-2 [720 kB]
    Get:150 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 xxd amd64 2:9.0.1378-2 [83.7 kB]
    Get:151 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 vim-common all 2:9.0.1378-2 [124 kB]
    Get:152 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ncurses-base all 6.4-4 [261 kB]
    Get:153 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 xkb-data all 2.35.1-1 [764 kB]
    Get:154 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 kbd amd64 2.5.1-1+b1 [335 kB]
    Get:155 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 console-setup-linux all 1.221 [1,882 kB]
    Get:156 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 console-setup all 1.221 [102 kB]
    Get:157 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 keyboard-configuration all 1.221 [416 kB]
    Get:158 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 sysvinit-utils amd64 3.06-4 [31.0 kB]
    Get:159 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 lsb-base all 11.6 [4,584 B]
    Get:160 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 logsave amd64 1.47.0-2 [19.6 kB]
    Get:161 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 klibc-utils amd64 2.0.12-1 [94.9 kB]
    Get:162 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 busybox amd64 1:1.35.0-4+b3 [452 kB]
    Get:163 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 initramfs-tools all 0.142 [72.9 kB]
    Get:164 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 initramfs-tools-core all 0.142 [105 kB]
    Get:165 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libext2fs2 amd64 1.47.0-2 [205 kB]
    Get:166 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 e2fsprogs amd64 1.47.0-2 [571 kB]
    Get:167 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libklibc amd64 2.0.12-1 [44.2 kB]
    Get:168 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 linux-base all 4.9 [31.8 kB]
    Get:169 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 cpio amd64 2.13+dfsg-7.1 [245 kB]
    Get:170 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 cron-daemon-common all 3.0pl1-162 [12.7 kB]
    Get:171 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 cron amd64 3.0pl1-162 [73.1 kB]
    Get:172 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 sensible-utils all 0.0.17+nmu1 [19.0 kB]
    Get:173 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 init amd64 1.65.2 [16.8 kB]
    Get:174 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libedit2 amd64 3.1-20221030-2 [93.0 kB]
    Get:175 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcbor0.8 amd64 0.8.0-2+b1 [27.4 kB]
    Get:176 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfido2-1 amd64 1.12.0-2+b1 [77.2 kB]
    Get:177 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 openssh-sftp-server amd64 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1 [65.8 kB]
    Get:178 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 openssh-server amd64 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1 [455 kB]
    Get:179 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 openssh-client amd64 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1 [989 kB]
    Get:180 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libproc2-0 amd64 2:4.0.2-3 [62.8 kB]
    Get:181 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 procps amd64 2:4.0.2-3 [709 kB]
    Get:182 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ucf all 3.0043+nmu1 [55.2 kB]
    Get:183 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 runit-helper all 2.15.2 [6,520 B]
    Get:184 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libwrap0 amd64 7.6.q-32 [54.9 kB]
    Get:185 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpython3.11-minimal amd64 3.11.2-6 [813 kB]
    Get:186 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3.11-minimal amd64 3.11.2-6 [2,064 kB]
    Get:187 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-pycurl amd64 7.45.2-3 [67.7 kB]
    Get:188 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-apt amd64 2.6.0 [159 kB]
    Get:189 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-minimal amd64 3.11.2-1+b1 [26.3 kB]
    Get:190 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3 amd64 3.11.2-1+b1 [26.3 kB]
    Get:191 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libbrotli1 amd64 1.0.9-2+b6 [275 kB]
    Get:192 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsasl2-modules-db amd64 2.1.28+dfsg-10 [20.3 kB]
    Get:193 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsasl2-2 amd64 2.1.28+dfsg-10 [59.7 kB]
    Get:194 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libldap-2.5-0 amd64 2.5.13+dfsg-5 [183 kB]
    Get:195 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libnghttp2-14 amd64 1.52.0-1+deb12u1 [72.4 kB]
    Get:196 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpsl5 amd64 0.21.2-1 [58.7 kB]
    Get:197 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libssh2-1 amd64 1.10.0-3+b1 [179 kB]
    Get:198 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libcurl3-gnutls amd64 7.88.1-10+deb12u4 [385 kB]
    Get:199 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python-apt-common all 2.6.0 [64.3 kB]
    Get:200 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 distro-info-data all 0.58 [5,848 B]
    Get:201 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 media-types all 10.0.0 [26.1 kB]
    Get:202 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsqlite3-0 amd64 3.40.1-2 [837 kB]
    Get:203 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpython3.11-stdlib amd64 3.11.2-6 [1,796 kB]
    Get:204 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3.11 amd64 3.11.2-6 [572 kB]
    Get:205 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpython3-stdlib amd64 3.11.2-1+b1 [9,312 B]
    Get:206 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 tasksel-data all 3.73 [18.0 kB]
    Get:207 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 tasksel all 3.73 [51.2 kB]
    Get:208 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libattr1 amd64 1:2.5.1-4 [22.2 kB]
    Get:209 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpcre3 amd64 2:8.39-15 [341 kB]
    Get:210 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 mawk amd64 1.3.4.20200120-3.1 [119 kB]
    Get:211 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 tzdata all 2023c-5 [296 kB]
    Get:212 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dmidecode amd64 3.4-1 [68.8 kB]
    Get:213 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 iputils-ping amd64 3:20221126-1 [47.1 kB]
    Get:214 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 isc-dhcp-client amd64 4.4.3-P1-2 [1,096 kB]
    Get:215 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 isc-dhcp-common amd64 4.4.3-P1-2 [117 kB]
    Get:216 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpopt0 amd64 1.19+dfsg-1 [43.3 kB]
    Get:217 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 logrotate amd64 3.21.0-1 [62.1 kB]
    Get:218 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 nano amd64 7.2-1 [689 kB]
    Get:219 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ncurses-term all 6.4-4 [501 kB]
    Get:220 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libslang2 amd64 2.3.3-3 [554 kB]
    Get:221 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnewt0.52 amd64 0.52.23-1+b1 [59.2 kB]
    Get:222 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 whiptail amd64 0.52.23-1+b1 [24.2 kB]
    Get:223 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bash-completion all 1:2.11-6 [234 kB]
    Get:224 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 openssl amd64 3.0.11-1~deb12u2 [1,419 kB]
    Get:225 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ca-certificates all 20230311 [153 kB]
    Get:226 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 file amd64 1:5.44-3 [42.5 kB]
    Get:227 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libmagic1 amd64 1:5.44-3 [104 kB]
    Get:228 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libmagic-mgc amd64 1:5.44-3 [305 kB]
    Get:229 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gettext-base amd64 0.21-12 [160 kB]
    Get:230 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 manpages all 6.03-2 [1,332 kB]
    Get:231 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 pci.ids all 0.0~2023.04.11-1 [243 kB]
    Get:232 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 pciutils amd64 1:3.9.0-4 [104 kB]
    Get:233 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpci3 amd64 1:3.9.0-4 [67.4 kB]
    Get:234 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 reportbug all 12.0.0 [64.5 kB]
    Get:235 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-pkg-resources all 66.1.1-1 [296 kB]
    Get:236 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-chardet all 5.1.0+dfsg-2 [110 kB]
    Get:237 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-debian all 0.1.49 [115 kB]
    Get:238 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-pyparsing all 3.0.9-1 [138 kB]
    Get:239 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-httplib2 all 0.20.4-3 [36.0 kB]
    Get:240 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-pysimplesoap all 1.16.2-5 [43.1 kB]
    Get:241 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-debianbts all 4.0.1 [12.2 kB]
    Get:242 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-certifi all 2022.9.24-1 [153 kB]
    Get:243 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-charset-normalizer all 3.0.1-2 [49.3 kB]
    Get:244 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-idna all 3.3-1 [39.4 kB]
    Get:245 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-six all 1.16.0-4 [17.5 kB]
    Get:246 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-urllib3 all 1.26.12-1 [117 kB]
    Get:247 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-requests all 2.28.1+dfsg-1 [67.9 kB]
    Get:248 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-reportbug all 12.0.0 [78.9 kB]
    Get:249 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 wget amd64 1.21.3-1+b2 [984 kB]
    Get:250 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 xz-utils amd64 5.4.1-0.2 [471 kB]
    Get:251 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 apparmor amd64 3.0.8-3 [616 kB]
    Get:252 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bsdextrautils amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [86.6 kB]
    Get:253 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ncal amd64 12.1.8 [19.7 kB]
    Get:254 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bsdmainutils all 12.1.8 [5,952 B]
    Get:255 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus-user-session amd64 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [78.1 kB]
    Get:256 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libusb-1.0-0 amd64 2:1.0.26-1 [62.6 kB]
    Get:257 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 discover-data all 2.2013.01.13 [389 kB]
    Get:258 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 discover amd64 2.1.2-10 [43.2 kB]
    Get:259 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libdiscover2 amd64 2.1.2-10 [92.3 kB]
    Get:260 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 eject amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [48.0 kB]
    Get:261 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gdbm-l10n all 1.23-3 [89.0 kB]
    Get:262 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 grub-pc amd64 2.06-13+deb12u1 [137 kB]
    Get:263 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 grub2-common amd64 2.06-13+deb12u1 [614 kB]
    Get:264 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 grub-pc-bin amd64 2.06-13+deb12u1 [997 kB]
    Get:265 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpng16-16 amd64 1.6.39-2 [276 kB]
    Get:266 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfreetype6 amd64 2.12.1+dfsg-5 [399 kB]
    Get:267 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfuse2 amd64 2.9.9-6+b1 [119 kB]
    Get:268 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 grub-common amd64 2.06-13+deb12u1 [2,709 kB]
    Get:269 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 installation-report all 2.89 [8,324 B]
    Get:270 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libestr0 amd64 0.1.11-1 [9,204 B]
    Get:271 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfastjson4 amd64 1.2304.0-1 [28.9 kB]
    Get:272 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libldap-common all 2.5.13+dfsg-5 [29.3 kB]
    Get:273 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 liblognorm5 amd64 2.0.6-4 [67.2 kB]
    Get:274 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libss2 amd64 1.47.0-2 [24.5 kB]
    Get:275 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libx11-data all 2:1.8.4-2+deb12u2 [292 kB]
    Get:276 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxcb1 amd64 1.15-1 [144 kB]
    Get:277 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libx11-6 amd64 2:1.8.4-2+deb12u2 [760 kB]
    Get:278 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxext6 amd64 2:1.3.4-1+b1 [52.9 kB]
    Get:279 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxmuu1 amd64 2:1.1.3-3 [23.9 kB]
    Get:280 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 linux-image-6.1.0-13-amd64 amd64 6.1.55-1 [68.7 MB]
    Get:281 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 linux-image-amd64 amd64 6.1.55-1 [1,480 B]
    Get:282 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 mailcap all 3.70+nmu1 [32.0 kB]
    Get:283 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 os-prober amd64 1.81 [30.9 kB]
    Get:284 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 rsyslog amd64 8.2302.0-1 [723 kB]
    Get:285 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 usb.ids all 2023.05.17-0+deb12u1 [207 kB]
    Get:286 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 usbutils amd64 1:014-1 [79.7 kB]
    Get:287 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 xauth amd64 1:1.1.2-1 [36.0 kB]
    Get:288 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 zstd amd64 1.5.4+dfsg2-5 [701 kB]
    Fetched 164 MB in 3s (64.7 MB/s)
    Extracting templates from packages: 100%
    Preconfiguring packages ...
    (Reading database ... 30636 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../base-files_12.4+deb12u2_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking base-files (12.4+deb12u2) over (11.1+deb11u8) ...
    Setting up base-files (12.4+deb12u2) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/debian_version ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/issue ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/issue.net ...
    (Reading database ... 30636 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../libc-l10n_2.36-9+deb12u3_all.deb ...
    Unpacking libc-l10n (2.36-9+deb12u3) over (2.31-13+deb11u7) ...
    Preparing to unpack .../locales_2.36-9+deb12u3_all.deb ...
    Unpacking locales (2.36-9+deb12u3) over (2.31-13+deb11u7) ...
    Preparing to unpack .../libc6_2.36-9+deb12u3_amd64.deb ...
    Checking for services that may need to be restarted...
    Checking init scripts...
    Unpacking libc6:amd64 (2.36-9+deb12u3) over (2.31-13+deb11u7) ...
    Setting up libc6:amd64 (2.36-9+deb12u3) ...
    Checking for services that may need to be restarted...
    Checking init scripts...

    Restarting services possibly affected by the upgrade:
      ssh: restarting...done.
      cron: restarting...done.

    Services restarted successfully.
    (Reading database ... 30624 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../libc-bin_2.36-9+deb12u3_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libc-bin (2.36-9+deb12u3) over (2.31-13+deb11u7) ...
    Setting up libc-bin (2.36-9+deb12u3) ...
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    Preparing to unpack .../perl_5.36.0-7_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking perl (5.36.0-7) over (5.32.1-4+deb11u2) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package perl-modules-5.36.
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    Unpacking perl-modules-5.36 (5.36.0-7) ...
    Preparing to unpack .../libgdbm6_1.23-3_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libgdbm6:amd64 (1.23-3) over (1.19-2) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package libperl5.36:amd64.
    Preparing to unpack .../libperl5.36_5.36.0-7_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libperl5.36:amd64 (5.36.0-7) ...
    Preparing to unpack .../perl-base_5.36.0-7_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking perl-base (5.36.0-7) over (5.32.1-4+deb11u2) ...
    Setting up perl-base (5.36.0-7) ...
    (Reading database ... 32551 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../liblocale-gettext-perl_1.07-5_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking liblocale-gettext-perl (1.07-5) over (1.07-4+b1) ...
    Preparing to unpack .../libtext-iconv-perl_1.7-8_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libtext-iconv-perl:amd64 (1.7-8) over (1.7-7+b1) ...
    Preparing to unpack .../libtext-charwidth-perl_0.04-11_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libtext-charwidth-perl:amd64 (0.04-11) over (0.04-10+b1) ...
    Preparing to unpack .../bzip2_1.0.8-5+b1_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking bzip2 (1.0.8-5+b1) over (1.0.8-4) ...
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    Unpacking libbz2-1.0:amd64 (1.0.8-5+b1) over (1.0.8-4) ...
    Setting up libbz2-1.0:amd64 (1.0.8-5+b1) ...
    (Reading database ... 32550 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../libaudit-common_1%3a3.0.9-1_all.deb ...
    Unpacking libaudit-common (1:3.0.9-1) over (1:3.0-2) ...
    Setting up libaudit-common (1:3.0.9-1) ...
    (Reading database ... 32550 files and directories currently installed.)
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    Unpacking libcap-ng0:amd64 (0.8.3-1+b3) over (0.7.9-2.2+b1) ...
    Setting up libcap-ng0:amd64 (0.8.3-1+b3) ...
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    dpkg: cron: dependency problems, but removing anyway as you requested:
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    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/gio-open ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/gnome ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/gnupg ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/gvfs-open ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/hosts_access ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ibus ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/kde ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/kde-globals-write ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/kde-icon-cache-write ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/kde-language-write ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/kde-open5 ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/kerberosclient ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ldapclient ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/libpam-systemd ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/likewise ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/mdns ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/mesa ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/mir ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/mozc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/mysql ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/nameservice ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/nis ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/nvidia ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/opencl ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/opencl-common ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/opencl-intel ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/opencl-mesa ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/opencl-nvidia ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/opencl-pocl ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/openssl ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/orbit2 ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/p11-kit ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/perl ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/php ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/php5 ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/postfix-common ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/private-files ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/private-files-strict ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/python ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/qt5 ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/qt5-compose-cache-write ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/qt5-settings-write ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/recent-documents-write ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ruby ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/samba ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/smbpass ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ssl_certs ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ssl_keys ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/svn-repositories ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-bittorrent-clients ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/java ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/kde ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/mailto ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/multimedia ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/plugins-common ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/productivity ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/text-editors ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/ubuntu-integration ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/ubuntu-integration-xul ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-browsers.d/user-files ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-console-browsers ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-console-email ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-email ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-feed-readers ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-gnome-terminal ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-helpers ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-konsole ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-media-players ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-unity7-base ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-unity7-launcher ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-unity7-messaging ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/ubuntu-xterm ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/user-download ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/user-mail ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/user-manpages ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/user-tmp ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/user-write ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/video ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/vulkan ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/wayland ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/web-data ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/winbind ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/wutmp ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/xad ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/xdg-desktop ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/xdg-open ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/local/README ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/lsb_release ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/nvidia_modprobe ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/tunables/apparmorfs ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/tunables/global ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/tunables/home ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/tunables/multiarch ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor.d/tunables/xdg-user-dirs ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/apparmor/parser.conf ...
    Reloading AppArmor profiles
    Setting up busybox (1:1.35.0-4+b3) ...
    Setting up libklibc:amd64 (2.0.12-1) ...
    Setting up vim-common (2:9.0.1378-2) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/vim/vimrc ...
    Setting up libslang2:amd64 (2.3.3-3) ...
    Setting up libwrap0:amd64 (7.6.q-32) ...
    Setting up libx11-data (2:1.8.4-2+deb12u2) ...
    Setting up bash-completion (1:2.11-6) ...
    Setting up libiptc0:amd64 (1.8.9-2) ...
    Setting up libncurses6:amd64 (6.4-4) ...
    Setting up libdbus-1-3:amd64 (1.14.10-1~deb12u1) ...
    Setting up xz-utils (5.4.1-0.2) ...
    Setting up libproc2-0:amd64 (2:4.0.2-3) ...
    Setting up bsdmainutils (12.1.8) ...
    Setting up libpng16-16:amd64 (1.6.39-2) ...
    Setting up systemd-timesyncd (252.17-1~deb12u1) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf ...
    Setting up udev (252.17-1~deb12u1) ...
    Setting up libss2:amd64 (1.47.0-2) ...
    Setting up usb.ids (2023.05.17-0+deb12u1) ...
    Setting up util-linux (2.38.1-5+b1) ...
    fstrim.timer is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it.
    fstrim.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it.
    Setting up libncursesw6:amd64 (6.4-4) ...
    Setting up libk5crypto3:amd64 (1.20.1-2+deb12u1) ...
    Setting up libxtables12:amd64 (1.8.9-2) ...
    Setting up gdbm-l10n (1.23-3) ...
    Setting up logsave (1.47.0-2) ...
    Setting up libsasl2-2:amd64 (2.1.28+dfsg-10) ...
    Setting up liblognorm5:amd64 (2.0.6-4) ...
    Setting up nano (7.2-1) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/nanorc ...
    Setting up libpci3:amd64 (1:3.9.0-4) ...
    Setting up python-apt-common (2.6.0) ...
    Setting up mount (2.38.1-5+b1) ...
    Setting up sensible-utils (0.0.17+nmu1) ...
    Setting up libnfnetlink0:amd64 (1.0.2-2) ...
    Setting up dbus-session-bus-common (1.14.10-1~deb12u1) ...
    Setting up procps (2:4.0.2-3) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/init.d/procps ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/sysctl.d/README.sysctl ...
    Setting up libx11-6:amd64 (2:1.8.4-2+deb12u2) ...
    Setting up kbd (2.5.1-1+b1) ...
    Setting up libssh2-1:amd64 (1.10.0-3+b1) ...
    Setting up netbase (6.4) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/ethertypes ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/protocols ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/rpc ...
    Setting up discover-data (2.2013.01.13) ...
    Setting up isc-dhcp-common (4.4.3-P1-2) ...
    Setting up mawk (1.3.4.20200120-3.1) ...
    Setting up libkrb5-3:amd64 (1.20.1-2+deb12u1) ...
    Setting up libusb-1.0-0:amd64 (2:1.0.26-1) ...
    Setting up dmidecode (3.4-1) ...
    Setting up dbus-system-bus-common (1.14.10-1~deb12u1) ...
    Setting up libfido2-1:amd64 (1.12.0-2+b1) ...
    Setting up klibc-utils (2.0.12-1) ...
    Setting up openssl (3.0.11-1~deb12u2) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf ...
    Setting up libbsd0:amd64 (0.11.7-2) ...
    Setting up mailcap (3.70+nmu1) ...
    Setting up libelf1:amd64 (0.188-2.1) ...
    Setting up iputils-ping (3:20221126-1) ...
    Setting up readline-common (8.2-1.3) ...
    Setting up zstd (1.5.4+dfsg2-5) ...
    Setting up libxmuu1:amd64 (2:1.1.3-3) ...
    Setting up dbus-bin (1.14.10-1~deb12u1) ...
    Setting up liblocale-gettext-perl (1.07-5) ...
    Setting up libbpf1:amd64 (1:1.1.0-1) ...
    Setting up libpopt0:amd64 (1.19+dfsg-1) ...
    Setting up ncurses-term (6.4-4) ...
    Setting up logrotate (3.21.0-1) ...
    logrotate.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it.
    Setting up libnewt0.52:amd64 (0.52.23-1+b1) ...
    Setting up libdiscover2 (2.1.2-10) ...
    Setting up libedit2:amd64 (3.1-20221030-2) ...
    Setting up libreadline8:amd64 (8.2-1.3) ...
    Setting up cron (3.0pl1-162) ...
    Setting up rsyslog (8.2302.0-1) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/logrotate.d/rsyslog ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/rsyslog.conf ...
    Removing obsolete conffile /etc/init.d/rsyslog ...
    Setting up libxext6:amd64 (2:1.3.4-1+b1) ...
    Setting up debconf-i18n (1.5.82) ...
    Setting up e2fsprogs (1.47.0-2) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/mke2fs.conf ...
    update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated)
    e2scrub_all.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it.
    Setting up dbus-daemon (1.14.10-1~deb12u1) ...
    Setting up vim-tiny (2:9.0.1378-2) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/vim/vimrc.tiny ...
    update-alternatives: updating alternative /usr/bin/vim.tiny because link group ex has changed slave links
    update-alternatives: updating alternative /usr/bin/vim.tiny because link group vi has changed slave links
    update-alternatives: updating alternative /usr/bin/vim.tiny because link group view has changed slave links
    Setting up usbutils (1:014-1) ...
    Setting up libldap-2.5-0:amd64 (2.5.13+dfsg-5) ...
    Setting up fdisk (2.38.1-5+b1) ...
    Setting up ca-certificates (20230311) ...
    Updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs...
    rehash: warning: skipping ca-certificates.crt,it does not contain exactly one certificate or CRL
    26 added, 15 removed; done.
    Setting up libfreetype6:amd64 (2.12.1+dfsg-5) ...
    Setting up dbus (1.14.10-1~deb12u1) ...
    A reboot is required to replace the running dbus-daemon.
    Please reboot the system when convenient.
    dbus.service is a disabled or a static unit, not starting it.
    Setting up libgssapi-krb5-2:amd64 (1.20.1-2+deb12u1) ...
    Setting up ucf (3.0043+nmu1) ...
    Setting up pciutils (1:3.9.0-4) ...
    Setting up whiptail (0.52.23-1+b1) ...
    Setting up xauth (1:1.1.2-1) ...
    Setting up libnetfilter-conntrack3:amd64 (1.0.9-3) ...
    Setting up libpam-systemd:amd64 (252.17-1~deb12u1) ...
    Setting up keyboard-configuration (1.221) ...
    Setting up discover (2.1.2-10) ...
    Setting up initramfs-tools-core (0.142) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/initramfs-tools/initramfs.conf ...
    Setting up libtirpc3:amd64 (1.3.3+ds-1) ...
    Setting up initramfs-tools (0.142) ...
    update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated)
    Setting up iptables (1.8.9-2) ...
    Setting up iproute2 (6.1.0-3) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/iproute2/rt_protos ...
    Setting up openssh-client (1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1) ...
    Setting up libpython3.11-stdlib:amd64 (3.11.2-6) ...
    Setting up isc-dhcp-client (4.4.3-P1-2) ...
    Setting up libcurl3-gnutls:amd64 (7.88.1-10+deb12u4) ...
    Setting up grub-common (2.06-13+deb12u1) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ...
    Setting up dbus-user-session (1.14.10-1~deb12u1) ...
    Setting up os-prober (1.81) ...
    Setting up ifupdown (0.8.41) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/init.d/networking ...
    Setting up linux-image-6.1.0-13-amd64 (6.1.55-1) ...
    I: /vmlinuz.old is now a symlink to boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-26-amd64
    I: /initrd.img.old is now a symlink to boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-26-amd64
    I: /vmlinuz is now a symlink to boot/vmlinuz-6.1.0-13-amd64
    I: /initrd.img is now a symlink to boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-13-amd64
    /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools:
    update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-13-amd64
    W: initramfs-tools configuration sets RESUME=UUID=41927fad-bbf7-4119-9909-d606ab124ab6
    W: but no matching swap device is available.
    /etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub:
    Generating grub configuration file ...
    Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-6.1.0-13-amd64
    Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-13-amd64
    Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-26-amd64
    Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-26-amd64
    Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.19.0-23-amd64
    Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.19.0-23-amd64
    Warning: os-prober will not be executed to detect other bootable partitions.
    Systems on them will not be added to the GRUB boot configuration.
    Check GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER documentation entry.
    done
    Setting up console-setup-linux (1.221) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.ISO-8859-1.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.ISO-8859-13.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.ISO-8859-14.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.ISO-8859-15.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.ISO-8859-2.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.ISO-8859-3.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.ISO-8859-4.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.ISO-8859-7.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.ISO-8859-9.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.KOI8-R.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.KOI8-U.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/console-setup/compose.VISCII.inc ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/init.d/console-setup.sh ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/init.d/keyboard-setup.sh ...
    Setting up libpython3-stdlib:amd64 (3.11.2-1+b1) ...
    Setting up openssh-sftp-server (1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1) ...
    Setting up python3.11 (3.11.2-6) ...
    Setting up console-setup (1.221) ...
    Setting up openssh-server (1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/init.d/ssh ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/ssh/moduli ...
    rescue-ssh.target is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it.
    ssh.socket is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it.
    Setting up grub2-common (2.06-13+deb12u1) ...
    Setting up python3 (3.11.2-1+b1) ...
    running python rtupdate hooks for python3.11...
    running python post-rtupdate hooks for python3.11...
    Setting up linux-image-amd64 (6.1.55-1) ...
    Setting up grub-pc-bin (2.06-13+deb12u1) ...
    Setting up grub-pc (2.06-13+deb12u1) ...
    Replacing config file /etc/default/grub with new version
    grub-pc: Running grub-install ...
    Installing for i386-pc platform.
    Installation finished. No error reported.
      grub-install success for /dev/vda
    Generating grub configuration file ...
    Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-6.1.0-13-amd64
    Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-13-amd64
    Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-26-amd64
    Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-26-amd64
    Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.19.0-23-amd64
    Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.19.0-23-amd64
    Warning: os-prober will not be executed to detect other bootable partitions.
    Systems on them will not be added to the GRUB boot configuration.
    Check GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER documentation entry.
    done
    Setting up python3-six (1.16.0-4) ...
    Setting up python3-pycurl (7.45.2-3) ...
    Setting up python3-pyparsing (3.0.9-1) ...
    Setting up python3-certifi (2022.9.24-1) ...
    Setting up python3-idna (3.3-1) ...
    Setting up python3-urllib3 (1.26.12-1) ...
    Setting up python3-httplib2 (0.20.4-3) ...
    Setting up python3-pkg-resources (66.1.1-1) ...
    Setting up python3-apt (2.6.0) ...
    Setting up python3-charset-normalizer (3.0.1-2) ...
    Setting up python3-chardet (5.1.0+dfsg-2) ...
    Setting up python3-debian (0.1.49) ...
    Setting up python3-requests (2.28.1+dfsg-1) ...
    Setting up python3-pysimplesoap (1.16.2-5) ...
    Setting up python3-debianbts (4.0.1) ...
    Setting up python3-reportbug (12.0.0) ...
    Setting up reportbug (12.0.0) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/reportbug.conf ...
    Setting up tasksel (3.73) ...
    Setting up tasksel-data (3.73) ...
    Processing triggers for debianutils (5.7-0.5~deb12u1) ...
    Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.36-9+deb12u3) ...
    Processing triggers for systemd (252.17-1~deb12u1) ...
    Processing triggers for ca-certificates (20230311) ...
    Updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs...
    0 added, 0 removed; done.
    Running hooks in /etc/ca-certificates/update.d...
    done.
    Processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.142) ...
    update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-6.1.0-13-amd64
    W: initramfs-tools configuration sets RESUME=UUID=41927fad-bbf7-4119-9909-d606ab124ab6
    W: but no matching swap device is available.
     

     

     

    Now let's try apt update

    apt update
    Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease
    Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease
    Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease [48.0 kB]
    Get:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 Packages [106 kB]
    Get:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main Translation-en [64.1 kB]
    Fetched 170 kB in 1s (337 kB/s)                                  
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree       
    Reading state information... Done
    252 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.

     

     

    Warning DO NOT Upgrade To Debian 12 if you are not running Debian 11.

    Here is what happens if going from Debian 10 to 12, and you will have a broken OS if you do below.

    apt dist-upgrade


    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree       
    Reading state information... Done
    Calculating upgrade... Done
    The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
      bsdmainutils libldap-2.4-2 libmpdec2 libpython3.7-minimal libpython3.7-stdlib libreadline7 libusb-0.1-4 python3.7 python3.7-minimal usb.ids
    Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
    The following packages will be REMOVED:
      libsemanage1
    The following NEW packages will be installed:
      bsdextrautils cron-daemon-common dbus-bin dbus-daemon dbus-session-bus-common dbus-system-bus-common dbus-user-session distro-info-data gcc-12-base libapt-pkg6.0 libbpf1 libbrotli1 libcbor0.8 libcrypt1
      libffi8 libfido2-1 libfile-find-rule-perl libgcc-s1 libgdbm-compat4 libgdbm6 libhogweed6 libip4tc2 libip6tc2 libjson-c5 libldap-2.5-0 libmd0 libnettle8 libnsl2 libnumber-compare-perl libperl5.36
      libproc2-0 libpython3.11-minimal libpython3.11-stdlib libreadline8 libsemanage2 libsepol2 libssl3 libsystemd-shared libtext-glob-perl libtirpc-common libtirpc3 libxxhash0 linux-image-6.1.0-13-amd64
      logsave mailcap media-types ncal pci.ids perl perl-modules-5.36 python3-charset-normalizer python3-pyparsing python3.11 python3.11-minimal runit-helper systemd-timesyncd usrmerge util-linux-extra zstd
    The following packages will be upgraded:
      adduser apparmor apt apt-utils base-files base-passwd bash bash-completion bsdmainutils bsdutils busybox bzip2 ca-certificates console-setup console-setup-linux coreutils cpio cron dash dbus debconf
      debconf-i18n debian-archive-keyring debianutils diffutils dirmngr discover discover-data dmidecode dmsetup dpkg e2fsprogs eject fdisk file findutils firmware-linux-free gdbm-l10n gettext-base gnupg
      gnupg-l10n gnupg-utils gpg gpg-agent gpg-wks-client gpg-wks-server gpgconf gpgsm gpgv grep grub-common grub-pc grub-pc-bin grub2-common gzip hostname ifupdown init init-system-helpers initramfs-tools
      initramfs-tools-core installation-report iproute2 iptables iputils-ping isc-dhcp-client isc-dhcp-common kbd keyboard-configuration klibc-utils kmod less libacl1 libapparmor1 libargon2-1 libassuan0
      libattr1 libaudit-common libaudit1 libblkid1 libbsd0 libbz2-1.0 libc-bin libc-l10n libc6 libcap-ng0 libcap2 libcap2-bin libcom-err2 libcryptsetup12 libcurl3-gnutls libdb5.3 libdbus-1-3 libdebconfclient0
      libdevmapper1.02.1 libdiscover2 libedit2 libefiboot1 libefivar1 libelf1 libestr0 libexpat1 libext2fs2 libfastjson4 libfdisk1 libfreetype6 libfuse2 libgcrypt20 libgmp10 libgnutls30 libgpg-error0
      libgssapi-krb5-2 libidn2-0 libiptc0 libk5crypto3 libkeyutils1 libklibc libkmod2 libkrb5-3 libkrb5support0 libksba8 libldap-common liblocale-gettext-perl liblockfile-bin liblognorm5 liblz4-1 liblzma5
      libmagic-mgc libmagic1 libmnl0 libmount1 libncurses6 libncursesw6 libnetfilter-conntrack3 libnewt0.52 libnfnetlink0 libnftnl11 libnghttp2-14 libnpth0 libnss-systemd libp11-kit0 libpam-modules
      libpam-modules-bin libpam-runtime libpam-systemd libpam0g libpci3 libpcre2-8-0 libpcre3 libpng16-16 libpopt0 libpsl5 libpython3-stdlib librtmp1 libsasl2-2 libsasl2-modules-db libseccomp2 libselinux1
      libsemanage-common libslang2 libsmartcols1 libsqlite3-0 libss2 libssh2-1 libstdc++6 libsystemd0 libtasn1-6 libtext-charwidth-perl libtext-iconv-perl libtext-wrapi18n-perl libtinfo6 libudev1 libunistring2
      libusb-1.0-0 libuuid1 libwrap0 libx11-6 libx11-data libxau6 libxcb1 libxext6 libxmuu1 libxtables12 libzstd1 linux-base linux-image-amd64 locales login logrotate lsb-base manpages mawk mime-support mount
      nano ncurses-base ncurses-bin ncurses-term netbase openssh-client openssh-server openssh-sftp-server openssl os-prober passwd pciutils perl-base pinentry-curses procps python-apt-common python3
      python3-apt python3-certifi python3-chardet python3-debian python3-debianbts python3-httplib2 python3-idna python3-minimal python3-pkg-resources python3-pycurl python3-pysimplesoap python3-reportbug
      python3-requests python3-six python3-urllib3 readline-common reportbug rsyslog sed sensible-utils systemd systemd-sysv sysvinit-utils tar tasksel tasksel-data tzdata ucf udev usb.ids usbutils util-linux
      vim-common vim-tiny wget whiptail xauth xkb-data xxd xz-utils zlib1g
    252 upgraded, 59 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
    Need to get 172 MB of archives.
    After this operation, 524 MB of additional disk space will be used.
    Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
    Get:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 base-files amd64 12.4+deb12u2 [70.7 kB]
    Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gcc-12-base amd64 12.2.0-14 [37.5 kB]
    Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libc6 amd64 2.36-9+deb12u3 [2,755 kB]
    Get:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgcc-s1 amd64 12.2.0-14 [49.9 kB]
    Get:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libc-l10n all 2.36-9+deb12u3 [674 kB]
    Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 locales all 2.36-9+deb12u3 [3,904 kB]
    Get:7 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcbor0.8 amd64 0.8.0-2+b1 [27.4 kB]
    Get:8 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libssl3 amd64 3.0.11-1~deb12u2 [2,019 kB]
    Get:9 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfido2-1 amd64 1.12.0-2+b1 [77.2 kB]
    Get:10 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libselinux1 amd64 3.4-1+b6 [73.7 kB]
    Get:11 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 openssh-client amd64 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1 [989 kB]
    Get:12 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 runit-helper all 2.15.2 [6,520 B]
    Get:13 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpam0g amd64 1.5.2-6+deb12u1 [92.0 kB]
    Get:14 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcrypt1 amd64 1:4.4.33-2 [89.5 kB]
    Get:15 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 openssh-server amd64 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1 [455 kB]
    Get:16 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libc-bin amd64 2.36-9+deb12u3 [606 kB]
    Get:17 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 openssh-sftp-server amd64 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1 [65.8 kB]
    Get:18 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libaudit-common all 1:3.0.9-1 [10.4 kB]
    Get:19 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcap-ng0 amd64 0.8.3-1+b3 [17.1 kB]
    Get:20 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libaudit1 amd64 1:3.0.9-1 [46.8 kB]
    Get:21 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtext-iconv-perl amd64 1.7-8 [14.5 kB]
    Get:22 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtext-charwidth-perl amd64 0.04-11 [9,496 B]
    Get:23 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 perl-base amd64 5.36.0-7 [1,608 kB]
    Get:24 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 liblocale-gettext-perl amd64 1.07-5 [15.4 kB]
    Get:25 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtext-wrapi18n-perl all 0.06-10 [8,808 B]
    Get:26 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 debconf-i18n all 1.5.82 [208 kB]
    Get:27 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 debconf all 1.5.82 [121 kB]
    Get:28 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libblkid1 amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [147 kB]
    Get:29 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpcre2-8-0 amd64 10.42-1 [261 kB]
    Get:30 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgpg-error0 amd64 1.46-1 [76.9 kB]
    Get:31 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgcrypt20 amd64 1.10.1-3 [696 kB]
    Get:32 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libzstd1 amd64 1.5.4+dfsg2-5 [290 kB]
    Get:33 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libjson-c5 amd64 0.16-2 [44.1 kB]
    Get:34 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libargon2-1 amd64 0~20171227-0.3+deb12u1 [19.4 kB]
    Get:35 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dmsetup amd64 2:1.02.185-2 [82.0 kB]
    Get:36 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libdevmapper1.02.1 amd64 2:1.02.185-2 [133 kB]
    Get:37 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libuuid1 amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [28.8 kB]
    Get:38 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcryptsetup12 amd64 2:2.6.1-4~deb12u1 [223 kB]
    Get:39 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libffi8 amd64 3.4.4-1 [22.9 kB]
    Get:40 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libp11-kit0 amd64 0.24.1-2 [345 kB]
    Get:41 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libip4tc2 amd64 1.8.9-2 [19.0 kB]
    Get:42 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libseccomp2 amd64 2.5.4-1+b3 [46.6 kB]
    Get:43 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libacl1 amd64 2.3.1-3 [31.5 kB]
    Get:44 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libapparmor1 amd64 3.0.8-3 [41.2 kB]
    Get:45 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcap2 amd64 1:2.66-4 [27.0 kB]
    Get:46 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 liblzma5 amd64 5.4.1-0.2 [205 kB]
    Get:47 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 kmod amd64 30+20221128-1 [95.2 kB]
    Get:48 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libkmod2 amd64 30+20221128-1 [57.9 kB]
    Get:49 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 liblz4-1 amd64 1.9.4-1 [62.9 kB]
    Get:50 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libmount1 amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [166 kB]
    Get:51 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsystemd-shared amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [1,691 kB]
    Get:52 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 less amd64 590-2 [131 kB]
    Get:53 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libudev1 amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [108 kB]
    Get:54 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 udev amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [1,643 kB]
    Get:55 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnss-systemd amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [163 kB]
    Get:56 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libmd0 amd64 1.0.4-2 [29.5 kB]
    Get:57 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dpkg amd64 1.21.22 [1,567 kB]
    Get:58 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 xkb-data all 2.35.1-1 [764 kB]
    Get:59 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 console-setup-linux all 1.221 [1,882 kB]
    Get:60 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 keyboard-configuration all 1.221 [416 kB]
    Get:61 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 console-setup all 1.221 [102 kB]
    Get:62 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 lsb-base all 11.6 [4,584 B]
    Get:63 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsmartcols1 amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [107 kB]
    Get:64 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 util-linux-extra amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [111 kB]
    Get:65 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 util-linux amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [1,177 kB]
    Get:66 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 login amd64 1:4.13+dfsg1-1+b1 [616 kB]
    Get:67 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfdisk1 amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [194 kB]
    Get:68 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libreadline8 amd64 8.2-1.3 [166 kB]
    Get:69 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 fdisk amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [142 kB]
    Get:70 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 perl-modules-5.36 all 5.36.0-7 [2,815 kB]
    Get:71 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgdbm6 amd64 1.23-3 [72.2 kB]
    Get:72 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgdbm-compat4 amd64 1.23-3 [48.2 kB]
    Get:73 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libperl5.36 amd64 5.36.0-7 [4,218 kB]
    Get:74 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 perl amd64 5.36.0-7 [239 kB]
    Get:75 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnumber-compare-perl all 0.03-3 [6,332 B]
    Get:76 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtext-glob-perl all 0.11-3 [7,676 B]
    Get:77 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfile-find-rule-perl all 0.34-3 [26.6 kB]
    Get:78 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 usrmerge all 35 [12.5 kB]
    Get:79 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 init-system-helpers all 1.65.2 [49.8 kB]
    Get:80 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 sysvinit-utils amd64 3.06-4 [31.0 kB]
    Get:81 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libdbus-1-3 amd64 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [201 kB]
    Get:82 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus amd64 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [97.4 kB]
    Get:83 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus-bin amd64 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [105 kB]
    Get:84 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus-session-bus-common all 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [78.2 kB]
    Get:85 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus-daemon amd64 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [184 kB]
    Get:86 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus-system-bus-common all 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [79.3 kB]
    Get:87 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpam-systemd amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [224 kB]
    Get:88 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ifupdown amd64 0.8.41 [62.1 kB]
    Get:89 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 systemd amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [3,029 kB]
    Get:90 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsystemd0 amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [331 kB]
    Get:91 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libncurses6 amd64 6.4-4 [103 kB]
    Get:92 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtinfo6 amd64 6.4-4 [331 kB]
    Get:93 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libncursesw6 amd64 6.4-4 [134 kB]
    Get:94 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 tar amd64 1.34+dfsg-1.2 [836 kB]
    Get:95 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 kbd amd64 2.5.1-1+b1 [335 kB]
    Get:96 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bzip2 amd64 1.0.8-5+b1 [49.8 kB]
    Get:97 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libbz2-1.0 amd64 1.0.8-5+b1 [47.3 kB]
    Get:98 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libdb5.3 amd64 5.3.28+dfsg2-1 [697 kB]
    Get:99 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 zlib1g amd64 1:1.2.13.dfsg-1 [86.7 kB]
    Get:100 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 readline-common all 8.2-1.3 [69.0 kB]
    Get:101 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libexpat1 amd64 2.5.0-1 [99.3 kB]
    Get:102 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsemanage-common all 3.4-1 [21.6 kB]
    Get:103 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsepol2 amd64 3.4-2.1 [276 kB]
    Get:104 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsemanage2 amd64 3.4-1+b5 [89.9 kB]
    Get:105 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 passwd amd64 1:4.13+dfsg1-1+b1 [972 kB]
    Get:106 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpam-modules-bin amd64 1.5.2-6+deb12u1 [75.6 kB]
    Get:107 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpam-modules amd64 1.5.2-6+deb12u1 [291 kB]
    Get:108 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 adduser all 3.134 [183 kB]
    Get:109 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpam-runtime all 1.5.2-6+deb12u1 [161 kB]
    Get:110 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 systemd-sysv amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [41.8 kB]
    Get:111 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libelf1 amd64 0.188-2.1 [174 kB]
    Get:112 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libbpf1 amd64 1:1.1.0-1 [145 kB]
    Get:113 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtirpc-common all 1.3.3+ds-1 [14.0 kB]
    Get:114 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcom-err2 amd64 1.47.0-2 [19.8 kB]
    Get:115 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libkeyutils1 amd64 1.6.3-2 [8,808 B]
    Get:116 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgssapi-krb5-2 amd64 1.20.1-2+deb12u1 [134 kB]
    Get:117 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libkrb5-3 amd64 1.20.1-2+deb12u1 [332 kB]
    Get:118 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libk5crypto3 amd64 1.20.1-2+deb12u1 [78.9 kB]
    Get:119 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libkrb5support0 amd64 1.20.1-2+deb12u1 [32.4 kB]
    Get:120 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtirpc3 amd64 1.3.3+ds-1 [85.2 kB]
    Get:121 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libbsd0 amd64 0.11.7-2 [117 kB]
    Get:122 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libmnl0 amd64 1.0.4-3 [12.5 kB]
    Get:123 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libip6tc2 amd64 1.8.9-2 [19.4 kB]
    Get:124 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 netbase all 6.4 [12.8 kB]
    Get:125 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnfnetlink0 amd64 1.0.2-2 [15.1 kB]
    Get:126 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnftnl11 amd64 1.2.4-2 [61.6 kB]
    Get:127 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnetfilter-conntrack3 amd64 1.0.9-3 [40.7 kB]
    Get:128 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxtables12 amd64 1.8.9-2 [30.8 kB]
    Get:129 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 iptables amd64 1.8.9-2 [360 kB]
    Get:130 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libcap2-bin amd64 1:2.66-4 [34.7 kB]
    Get:131 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 iproute2 amd64 6.1.0-3 [1,046 kB]
    Get:132 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 mount amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [134 kB]
    Get:133 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libedit2 amd64 3.1-20221030-2 [93.0 kB]
    Get:134 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libproc2-0 amd64 2:4.0.2-3 [62.8 kB]
    Get:135 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 procps amd64 2:4.0.2-3 [709 kB]
    Get:136 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 sensible-utils all 0.0.17+nmu1 [19.0 kB]
    Get:137 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ucf all 3.0043+nmu1 [55.2 kB]
    Get:138 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnsl2 amd64 1.3.0-2 [39.5 kB]
    Get:139 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libwrap0 amd64 7.6.q-32 [54.9 kB]
    Get:140 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 debianutils amd64 5.7-0.5~deb12u1 [103 kB]
    Get:141 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bash amd64 5.2.15-2+b2 [1,491 kB]
    Get:142 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bsdmainutils all 12.1.8 [5,952 B]
    Get:143 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bsdextrautils amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [86.6 kB]
    Get:144 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ncal amd64 12.1.8 [19.7 kB]
    Get:145 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bsdutils amd64 1:2.38.1-5+b1 [94.4 kB]
    Get:146 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgmp10 amd64 2:6.2.1+dfsg1-1.1 [563 kB]
    Get:147 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 coreutils amd64 9.1-1 [2,897 kB]
    Get:148 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dash amd64 0.5.12-2 [91.8 kB]
    Get:149 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 diffutils amd64 1:3.8-4 [352 kB]
    Get:150 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 findutils amd64 4.9.0-4 [636 kB]
    Get:151 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 grep amd64 3.8-5 [421 kB]
    Get:152 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gzip amd64 1.12-1 [140 kB]
    Get:153 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 hostname amd64 3.23+nmu1 [10.5 kB]
    Get:154 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ncurses-bin amd64 6.4-4 [421 kB]
    Get:155 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 sed amd64 4.9-1 [329 kB]
    Get:156 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libstdc++6 amd64 12.2.0-14 [614 kB]
    Get:157 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxxhash0 amd64 0.8.1-1 [27.6 kB]
    Get:158 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libapt-pkg6.0 amd64 2.6.1 [907 kB]
    Get:159 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnettle8 amd64 3.8.1-2 [288 kB]
    Get:160 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libhogweed6 amd64 3.8.1-2 [328 kB]
    Get:161 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libtasn1-6 amd64 4.19.0-2 [56.6 kB]
    Get:162 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libunistring2 amd64 1.0-2 [437 kB]
    Get:163 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libidn2-0 amd64 2.3.3-1+b1 [124 kB]
    Get:164 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libgnutls30 amd64 3.7.9-2 [1,403 kB]
    Get:165 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 apt amd64 2.6.1 [1,373 kB]
    Get:166 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 apt-utils amd64 2.6.1 [309 kB]
    Get:167 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libksba8 amd64 1.6.3-2 [128 kB]
    Get:168 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libassuan0 amd64 2.5.5-5 [48.5 kB]
    Get:169 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gpg-wks-client amd64 2.2.40-1.1 [541 kB]
    Get:170 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dirmngr amd64 2.2.40-1.1 [792 kB]
    Get:171 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gpg-wks-server amd64 2.2.40-1.1 [531 kB]
    Get:172 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gnupg-utils amd64 2.2.40-1.1 [927 kB]
    Get:173 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gpg-agent amd64 2.2.40-1.1 [695 kB]
    Get:174 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gpg amd64 2.2.40-1.1 [949 kB]
    Get:175 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gpgconf amd64 2.2.40-1.1 [564 kB]
    Get:176 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gnupg-l10n all 2.2.40-1.1 [1,093 kB]
    Get:177 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gnupg all 2.2.40-1.1 [846 kB]
    Get:178 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gpgsm amd64 2.2.40-1.1 [671 kB]
    Get:179 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsqlite3-0 amd64 3.40.1-2 [837 kB]
    Get:180 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 pinentry-curses amd64 1.2.1-1 [77.4 kB]
    Get:181 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnpth0 amd64 1.6-3 [19.0 kB]
    Get:182 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsasl2-modules-db amd64 2.1.28+dfsg-10 [20.3 kB]
    Get:183 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libsasl2-2 amd64 2.1.28+dfsg-10 [59.7 kB]
    Get:184 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libldap-2.5-0 amd64 2.5.13+dfsg-5 [183 kB]
    Get:185 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gpgv amd64 2.2.40-1.1 [648 kB]
    Get:186 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 debian-archive-keyring all 2023.3+deb12u1 [161 kB]
    Get:187 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libdebconfclient0 amd64 0.270 [9,900 B]
    Get:188 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 base-passwd amd64 3.6.1 [60.0 kB]
    Get:189 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 vim-tiny amd64 2:9.0.1378-2 [720 kB]
    Get:190 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 xxd amd64 2:9.0.1378-2 [83.7 kB]
    Get:191 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 vim-common all 2:9.0.1378-2 [124 kB]
    Get:192 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ncurses-base all 6.4-4 [261 kB]
    Get:193 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 klibc-utils amd64 2.0.12-1 [94.9 kB]
    Get:194 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 initramfs-tools-core all 0.142 [105 kB]
    Get:195 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 busybox amd64 1:1.35.0-4+b3 [452 kB]
    Get:196 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 initramfs-tools all 0.142 [72.9 kB]
    Get:197 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libext2fs2 amd64 1.47.0-2 [205 kB]
    Get:198 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 e2fsprogs amd64 1.47.0-2 [571 kB]
    Get:199 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libklibc amd64 2.0.12-1 [44.2 kB]
    Get:200 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 cpio amd64 2.13+dfsg-7.1 [245 kB]
    Get:201 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 logsave amd64 1.47.0-2 [19.6 kB]
    Get:202 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 linux-base all 4.9 [31.8 kB]
    Get:203 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 cron-daemon-common all 3.0pl1-162 [12.7 kB]
    Get:204 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 cron amd64 3.0pl1-162 [73.1 kB]
    Get:205 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 init amd64 1.65.2 [16.8 kB]
    Get:206 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpython3.11-minimal amd64 3.11.2-6 [813 kB]
    Get:207 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3.11-minimal amd64 3.11.2-6 [2,064 kB]
    Get:208 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-pycurl amd64 7.45.2-3 [67.7 kB]
    Get:209 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-apt amd64 2.6.0 [159 kB]
    Get:210 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-minimal amd64 3.11.2-1+b1 [26.3 kB]
    Get:211 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3 amd64 3.11.2-1+b1 [26.3 kB]
    Get:212 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libbrotli1 amd64 1.0.9-2+b6 [275 kB]
    Get:213 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libnghttp2-14 amd64 1.52.0-1+deb12u1 [72.4 kB]
    Get:214 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpsl5 amd64 0.21.2-1 [58.7 kB]
    Get:215 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 librtmp1 amd64 2.4+20151223.gitfa8646d.1-2+b2 [60.8 kB]
    Get:216 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libssh2-1 amd64 1.10.0-3+b1 [179 kB]
    Get:217 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libcurl3-gnutls amd64 7.88.1-10+deb12u4 [385 kB]
    Get:218 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python-apt-common all 2.6.0 [64.3 kB]
    Get:219 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 distro-info-data all 0.58 [5,848 B]
    Get:220 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 mime-support all 3.66 [10.9 kB]
    Get:221 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 mailcap all 3.70+nmu1 [32.0 kB]
    Get:222 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 media-types all 10.0.0 [26.1 kB]
    Get:223 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpython3.11-stdlib amd64 3.11.2-6 [1,796 kB]
    Get:224 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3.11 amd64 3.11.2-6 [572 kB]
    Get:225 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpython3-stdlib amd64 3.11.2-1+b1 [9,312 B]
    Get:226 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 tasksel-data all 3.73 [18.0 kB]
    Get:227 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 tasksel all 3.73 [51.2 kB]
    Get:228 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libattr1 amd64 1:2.5.1-4 [22.2 kB]
    Get:229 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpcre3 amd64 2:8.39-15 [341 kB]
    Get:230 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 mawk amd64 1.3.4.20200120-3.1 [119 kB]
    Get:231 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 tzdata all 2023c-5 [296 kB]
    Get:232 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dmidecode amd64 3.4-1 [68.8 kB]
    Get:233 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 iputils-ping amd64 3:20221126-1 [47.1 kB]
    Get:234 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 isc-dhcp-client amd64 4.4.3-P1-2 [1,096 kB]
    Get:235 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 isc-dhcp-common amd64 4.4.3-P1-2 [117 kB]
    Get:236 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpopt0 amd64 1.19+dfsg-1 [43.3 kB]
    Get:237 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 logrotate amd64 3.21.0-1 [62.1 kB]
    Get:238 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 nano amd64 7.2-1 [689 kB]
    Get:239 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ncurses-term all 6.4-4 [501 kB]
    Get:240 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libslang2 amd64 2.3.3-3 [554 kB]
    Get:241 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libnewt0.52 amd64 0.52.23-1+b1 [59.2 kB]
    Get:242 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 whiptail amd64 0.52.23-1+b1 [24.2 kB]
    Get:243 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 bash-completion all 1:2.11-6 [234 kB]
    Get:244 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 openssl amd64 3.0.11-1~deb12u2 [1,419 kB]
    Get:245 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 ca-certificates all 20230311 [153 kB]
    Get:246 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 file amd64 1:5.44-3 [42.5 kB]
    Get:247 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libmagic1 amd64 1:5.44-3 [104 kB]
    Get:248 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libmagic-mgc amd64 1:5.44-3 [305 kB]
    Get:249 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gettext-base amd64 0.21-12 [160 kB]
    Get:250 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 liblockfile-bin amd64 1.17-1+b1 [20.8 kB]
    Get:251 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 manpages all 6.03-2 [1,332 kB]
    Get:252 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 pciutils amd64 1:3.9.0-4 [104 kB]
    Get:253 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 pci.ids all 0.0~2023.04.11-1 [243 kB]
    Get:254 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpci3 amd64 1:3.9.0-4 [67.4 kB]
    Get:255 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 reportbug all 12.0.0 [64.5 kB]
    Get:256 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-certifi all 2022.9.24-1 [153 kB]
    Get:257 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-charset-normalizer all 3.0.1-2 [49.3 kB]
    Get:258 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-idna all 3.3-1 [39.4 kB]
    Get:259 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-six all 1.16.0-4 [17.5 kB]
    Get:260 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-requests all 2.28.1+dfsg-1 [67.9 kB]
    Get:261 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-urllib3 all 1.26.12-1 [117 kB]
    Get:262 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-pkg-resources all 66.1.1-1 [296 kB]
    Get:263 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-chardet all 5.1.0+dfsg-2 [110 kB]
    Get:264 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-debian all 0.1.49 [115 kB]
    Get:265 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-pyparsing all 3.0.9-1 [138 kB]
    Get:266 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-httplib2 all 0.20.4-3 [36.0 kB]
    Get:267 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-pysimplesoap all 1.16.2-5 [43.1 kB]
    Get:268 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-debianbts all 4.0.1 [12.2 kB]
    Get:269 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 python3-reportbug all 12.0.0 [78.9 kB]
    Get:270 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 systemd-timesyncd amd64 252.17-1~deb12u1 [62.9 kB]
    Get:271 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 wget amd64 1.21.3-1+b2 [984 kB]
    Get:272 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 xz-utils amd64 5.4.1-0.2 [471 kB]
    Get:273 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 apparmor amd64 3.0.8-3 [616 kB]
    Get:274 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 dbus-user-session amd64 1.14.10-1~deb12u1 [78.1 kB]
    Get:275 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libusb-1.0-0 amd64 2:1.0.26-1 [62.6 kB]
    Get:276 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 discover-data all 2.2013.01.13 [389 kB]
    Get:277 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 discover amd64 2.1.2-10 [43.2 kB]
    Get:278 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libdiscover2 amd64 2.1.2-10 [92.3 kB]
    Get:279 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 eject amd64 2.38.1-5+b1 [48.0 kB]
    Get:280 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 firmware-linux-free all 20200122-1 [24.2 kB]
    Get:281 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 gdbm-l10n all 1.23-3 [89.0 kB]
    Get:282 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libefivar1 amd64 37-6 [50.0 kB]
    Get:283 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libefiboot1 amd64 37-6 [44.1 kB]
    Get:284 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 grub-pc amd64 2.06-13+deb12u1 [137 kB]
    Get:285 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 grub2-common amd64 2.06-13+deb12u1 [614 kB]
    Get:286 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 grub-pc-bin amd64 2.06-13+deb12u1 [997 kB]
    Get:287 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libpng16-16 amd64 1.6.39-2 [276 kB]
    Get:288 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfreetype6 amd64 2.12.1+dfsg-5 [399 kB]
    Get:289 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfuse2 amd64 2.9.9-6+b1 [119 kB]
    Get:290 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 grub-common amd64 2.06-13+deb12u1 [2,709 kB]
    Get:291 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 installation-report all 2.89 [8,324 B]
    Get:292 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libestr0 amd64 0.1.11-1 [9,204 B]
    Get:293 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libfastjson4 amd64 1.2304.0-1 [28.9 kB]
    Get:294 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libiptc0 amd64 1.8.9-2 [7,032 B]
    Get:295 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libldap-common all 2.5.13+dfsg-5 [29.3 kB]
    Get:296 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 liblognorm5 amd64 2.0.6-4 [67.2 kB]
    Get:297 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libss2 amd64 1.47.0-2 [24.5 kB]
    Get:298 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libx11-data all 2:1.8.4-2+deb12u2 [292 kB]
    Get:299 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxau6 amd64 1:1.0.9-1 [19.7 kB]
    Get:300 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxcb1 amd64 1.15-1 [144 kB]
    Get:301 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security/main amd64 libx11-6 amd64 2:1.8.4-2+deb12u2 [760 kB]
    Get:302 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxext6 amd64 2:1.3.4-1+b1 [52.9 kB]
    Get:303 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 libxmuu1 amd64 2:1.1.3-3 [23.9 kB]
    Get:304 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 linux-image-6.1.0-13-amd64 amd64 6.1.55-1 [68.7 MB]
    Get:305 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 linux-image-amd64 amd64 6.1.55-1 [1,480 B]
    Get:306 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 os-prober amd64 1.81 [30.9 kB]
    Get:307 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 rsyslog amd64 8.2302.0-1 [723 kB]
    Get:308 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 usb.ids all 2023.05.17-0+deb12u1 [207 kB]
    Get:309 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 usbutils amd64 1:014-1 [79.7 kB]
    Get:310 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 xauth amd64 1:1.1.2-1 [36.0 kB]
    Get:311 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm/main amd64 zstd amd64 1.5.4+dfsg2-5 [701 kB]
    Fetched 172 MB in 3s (66.7 MB/s)
    Extracting templates from packages: 100%
    Preconfiguring packages ...
    (Reading database ... 22646 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../base-files_12.4+deb12u2_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking base-files (12.4+deb12u2) over (10.3+deb10u4) ...
    Setting up base-files (12.4+deb12u2) ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/debian_version ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/dpkg/origins/debian ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/issue ...
    Installing new version of config file /etc/issue.net ...
    Updating /etc/profile to current default.
    Updating /root/.profile to current default.
    Selecting previously unselected package gcc-12-base:amd64.
    (Reading database ... 22646 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../gcc-12-base_12.2.0-14_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking gcc-12-base:amd64 (12.2.0-14) ...
    Setting up gcc-12-base:amd64 (12.2.0-14) ...
    (Reading database ... 22651 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../locales_2.36-9+deb12u3_all.deb ...
    Unpacking locales (2.36-9+deb12u3) over (2.28-10+deb10u2) ...
    Preparing to unpack .../openssh-server_1%3a9.2p1-2+deb12u1_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking openssh-server (1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1) over (1:7.9p1-10+deb10u2) ...
    Preparing to unpack .../libc6_2.36-9+deb12u3_amd64.deb ...
    Checking for services that may need to be restarted...
    Checking init scripts...
    Unpacking libc6:amd64 (2.36-9+deb12u3) over (2.28-10+deb10u2) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package libgcc-s1:amd64.
    Preparing to unpack .../libgcc-s1_12.2.0-14_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libgcc-s1:amd64 (12.2.0-14) ...
    Replacing files in old package libgcc1:amd64 (1:8.3.0-6) ...
    Setting up libgcc-s1:amd64 (12.2.0-14) ...
    Setting up libc6:amd64 (2.36-9+deb12u3) ...
    /usr/bin/perl: error while loading shared libraries: libcrypt.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
    dpkg: error processing package libc6:amd64 (--configure):
     installed libc6:amd64 package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 127
    Errors were encountered while processing:
     libc6:amd64
    E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
     

    We get this error:

    /usr/bin/perl: error while loading shared libraries: libcrypt.so.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
    dpkg: error processing package libc6:amd64 (--configure):
     installed libc6:amd64 package post-installation script subprocess returned error exit status 127

     

    The issue is that the old Debian uses old keys and Bookworm uses different keys

    See the guide at the top for how to get the correct keys.

    apt update
    Get:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease [151 kB]
    Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease [52.1 kB]
    Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease [48.0 kB]
    Err:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease
      The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 0E98404D386FA1D9 NO_PUBKEY 6ED0E7B82643E131 NO_PUBKEY F8D2585B8783D481
    Err:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease
      The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 0E98404D386FA1D9 NO_PUBKEY 6ED0E7B82643E131
    Err:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease
      The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 54404762BBB6E853 NO_PUBKEY BDE6D2B9216EC7A8
    Reading package lists... Done
    W: GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 0E98404D386FA1D9 NO_PUBKEY 6ED0E7B82643E131 NO_PUBKEY F8D2585B8783D481
    E: The repository 'http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease' is not signed.
    N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
    N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
    W: GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 0E98404D386FA1D9 NO_PUBKEY 6ED0E7B82643E131
    E: The repository 'http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease' is not signed.
    N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
    N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
    W: GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 54404762BBB6E853 NO_PUBKEY BDE6D2B9216EC7A8
    E: The repository 'http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease' is not signed.
    N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
    N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
     

     


  • Linux dhcp dhclient Mint Redhat Ubuntu Debian How To Use Local Domain DNS Server Instead of ISPs


    If you are running a local DNS server like named/bind and don't want to use the ISP supplied DNS servers that are announced via a DHCP request (using dhclient) then the solution is simple.

    The reason should be obvious, but normally running your own DNS server will provide a more reliable, and fast DNS response and you won't have to worry about filtering as much (unless your upstream filters or proxies outgoing DNS requests).

    Edit /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf

    Add the following line, or in many cases you can find the line is there but just commented out with a #.  Uncomment it or add the line like below:

    prepend domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1;

    Need more DNS servers just add a comma after:

    prepend domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1, 192.168.10.80;

    Now when checking /etc/resolv.conf, you should see that the first DNS server is 127.0.0.1 and then whatever your ISP or LAN provided you with.

    What if you want to define the ONLY DNS servers and not use anything from the ISP/DHCP Server

    Instead of the "prepend" option, we can use "supersede" which will completely ignore all the DNS servers provided from the DHCP server. 

    Add the following line, or in many cases you can find the line is there but just commented out with a #.  Uncomment it or add the line like below:

    supersede domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1;

    Just like the prepend option you can specify multiple DNS servers like this:

    supersede domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1, 192.168.10.80;

    Of course, keep in mind that if your local DNS fails or is not working or starting for any reason, that DNS requests will fail, which will generally cause many things to break.  It is probably wise to use a secondary, trusted DNS server on your LAN or on the public internet if possible.


  • Docker dockerd swarm high CPU usage cause solution


    If you have swarm services and dockerd is creating a high load even with the containers just being idle, the easiest solution is to upgrade to a newer docker version.

    For example an identical config of 3 nodes, with Redis 5 with 30 replicas produces a load of about 1.45 in Debian 10 with Docker 18.09.1

    If I create the same setup on Debian 11, with Docker 20.10.5+dfsg1 then the CPU usage is low.

    One other difference I wondered is the kernel.  In my test setup Debian 10 has kernel linux-image-4.19.0-25-amd64, while Debian 11 has linux-image-5.10.0-11-amd64.

    To see if it is some major difference caused between Kernel 4.19 and 5.10 (though I doubted this was the issue), I installed the latest kernel 5.10 in Debian 10 linux-image-5.10.0-0.deb10.26-amd64 on all nodes.  There was no difference at all between 4.19 and 5.10 kernels, so the issue seems to solely be based on an issue that exists in Docker 18.09.01 (or at least how it was compiled for Debian 10) vs the Debian 11's Docker  20.10.5

    It's easy enough to upgrade your Debian 10 to 11 if you need to (I prefer Debian 10 for teseting due to it's smaller footprint over 11).

    Debian 11 Docker Info:

    root@Deb11Docker02:~# docker version
    Client:
     Version:           20.10.5+dfsg1
     API version:       1.41
     Go version:        go1.15.15
     Git commit:        55c4c88
     Built:             Mon May 30 18:34:49 2022
     OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
     Context:           default
     Experimental:      true

    Server:
     Engine:
      Version:          20.10.5+dfsg1
      API version:      1.41 (minimum version 1.12)
      Go version:       go1.15.15
      Git commit:       363e9a8
      Built:            Mon May 30 18:34:49 2022
      OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
      Experimental:     false
     containerd:
      Version:          1.4.13~ds1
      GitCommit:        1.4.13~ds1-1~deb11u4
     runc:
      Version:          1.0.0~rc93+ds1
      GitCommit:        1.0.0~rc93+ds1-5+deb11u2
     docker-init:
      Version:          0.19.0
      GitCommit:        
     

    Debian 10 Docker Info:

    Client:
     Version:           18.09.1
     API version:       1.39
     Go version:        go1.11.6
     Git commit:        4c52b90
     Built:             Sun, 21 Feb 2021 18:18:35 +0100
     OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
     Experimental:      false

    Server:
     Engine:
      Version:          18.09.1
      API version:      1.39 (minimum version 1.12)
      Go version:       go1.11.6
      Git commit:       4c52b90
      Built:            Sun Feb 21 17:18:35 2021
      OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
      Experimental:     false


  • Docker Minimum Requirements/How Efficient is Docker? How Much Memory Does Dockerd Use?


    We used a simple Debian 10 VM and showed the memory before starting docker and with no docker containers being started.  The goal is to show much much memory dockerd actually uses.

    Before docker was started

    The VM was using 58M of RAM.

    After docker was started

    it was using 99MB of RAM.

    How much RAM does docker use?

    It's not scientific but fair to say dockerd itself uses about 41MB of RAM (99-58).

    This proves that docker has very low requirements and doesn't have much overhead to even run containers.


  • qemu-nbd: Failed to set NBD socket solution qemu-nbd: Disconnect client, due to: Failed to read request: Unexpected end-of-file before all bytes were read


    You are trying to mount and connect to an image using qemu-nbd:

    qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 rtt.qcow2

    qemu-nbd: Failed to set NBD socket
    qemu-nbd: Disconnect client, due to: Failed to read request: Unexpected end-of-file before all bytes were read

    Another related error:

    qemu-nbd: Failed to unlink socket /var/lock/qemu-nbd-nbd0: Operation not permitted
    Error with nbd, exiting

    The above can happen if you don't have permission to access the nbd socket.

    qemu-nbd is not that smart, this is caused by /dev/nbd0 being connected

    This can happen due to a failed mount or perhaps you just forgot to disconnect the previous time.

    We'll solve it by disconnecting the nbd0 device with the -d flag (for disconnect).

    qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0
    /dev/nbd0 disconnected

    Now can see that it works without error
     

    qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 1234.img
     

    fdisk -l /dev/nbd0


    Disk /dev/nbd0: 15 GiB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors
    Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

    Simple Way To Test if /dev/nbd0 is in use

    Also remember by default you probably have up to /dev/nbd15.

    You can use a tool like fdisk to check if the nbd is in use:

    fdisk -l /dev/nbd0
    fdisk: cannot open /dev/nbd0: Inappropriate ioctl for device

    If you get an error like "fdisk: cannot open /dev/nbd0: Inappropriate ioctl for device", it is NOT in use.

    If it's in use you should be able to see the disk info:

    fdisk -l /dev/nbd0
    Disk /dev/nbd0: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
    Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
    Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


  • apache2 httpd apache server will not start [pid 22449:tid 139972160445760] AH00052: child pid 23248 exit signal Aborted (6) solution Mint Debian Ubuntu Redhat


    If you get this error, it is often because you have configured Apache with modules that weren't actually installed.  Eg. you try to load the PHP module but didn't actually install the apache2 php module, so the server can't start.  In general, this error can often be caused by issues with problematic modules and/or Apache being configured for modules that have not actually be installed (eg. libapache2-mod-php) is missing.

    The above results in this less than obvious error:

    [pid 22449:tid 139972160445760] AH00052: child pid 23248 exit signal Aborted (6) 

    Install the missing module into Apache 2 to solve it

    In this test case we know the issue is PHP missing from Apache

    apt install libapache2-mod-php

    Of course if you were using another module, you would want to install the corresponding one.

    Here is a list of apache2 modules from Debian 11:

    libapache2-mod-upload-progress - upload progress support for the Apache web server
    libapache2-mod-md - transitional package
    libapache2-mod-proxy-uwsgi - transitional package
    libapache2-mod-xforward - Apache module implements redirection based on X-Forward response header
    libapache2-mod-apparmor - changehat AppArmor library as an Apache module
    libapache2-mod-auth-radius - Apache 2.x module for RADIUS authentication
    libapache2-mod-evasive - evasive module to minimize HTTP DoS or brute force attacks
    libapache-mod-jk-doc - Documentation of libapache2-mod-jk package
    libapache2-mod-jk - Apache 2 connector for the Tomcat Java servlet engine
    libapache2-mod-log-sql - Use SQL to store/write your Apache queries logs - Base
    libapache2-mod-log-sql-dbi - Use SQL to store/write your Apache queries logs - DBI interface
    libapache2-mod-log-sql-mysql - Use SQL to store/write your Apache queries logs - MySQL interface
    libapache2-mod-log-sql-ssl - Use SQL to store/write your Apache queries logs - SSL extension
    libapache2-mod-musicindex - Browse, stream, download and search through MP3/Ogg/FLAC files
    libapache2-mod-removeip - Module to remove IP from apache2's logs
    libapache2-authcassimple-perl - Apache2 module to authenticate trough a CAS server
    libapache2-authcookie-perl - Perl Authentication and Authorization via cookies
    libapache2-mod-auth-cas - CAS authentication module for Apache2
    libapache2-mod-auth-gssapi - GSSAPI Authentication module for Apache2
    libapache2-mod-auth-mellon - SAML 2.0 authentication module for Apache
    libapache2-mod-auth-openid - OpenID authentication module for Apache2
    libapache2-mod-auth-openidc - OpenID Connect authentication module for Apache
    libapache2-mod-auth-plain - Module for Apache2 which provides plaintext authentication
    libapache2-mod-auth-pubtkt - key-based single-sign-on authentication module for Apache
    libapache2-mod-auth-tkt - lightweight single-sign-on authentication module for Apache
    libapache2-mod-authn-sasl - SASL authentication backend provider for Apache
    libapache2-mod-authn-yolo - Yolo style authentication for Apache 2
    libapache2-mod-authn-yubikey - Yubikey authentication provider for Apache
    libapache2-mod-authnz-external - authenticate Apache against external authentication services
    libapache2-mod-authnz-pam - PAM authorization checker and PAM Basic Authentication provider
    libapache2-mod-authz-unixgroup - access control based on on unix group membership for Apache
    libapache2-mod-bw - bandwidth limiting module for apache2
    libapache2-mod-defensible - module for Apache2 which provides DNSBL usage
    libapache2-mod-encoding - Apache2 module for non-ascii filename interoperability
    libapache2-mod-fcgid - FastCGI interface module for Apache 2
    libapache2-mod-form - Apache module to decode data submitted from Web forms
    libapache2-mod-form-dev - Apache module to decode data submitted from Web forms (development files)
    libapache2-mod-geoip - GeoIP support for apache2
    libapache2-mod-intercept-form-submit - Apache module to intercept login form submission and run PAM authentication
    libapache2-mod-ldap-userdir - Apache module that provides UserDir lookups via LDAP
    libapache2-mod-ldap-userdir-dbg - Debugging symbols for mod_ldap_userdir
    libapache2-mod-lisp - An Apache2 module that interfaces with Lisp environments
    libapache2-mod-log-slow - Apache module for logging of slow requests handling
    libapache2-mod-lookup-identity - Apache module to retrieve additional information about the authenticated user
    libapache2-mod-perl2 - Integration of perl with the Apache2 web server
    libapache2-mod-perl2-dev - Integration of perl with the Apache2 web server - development files
    libapache2-mod-perl2-doc - Integration of perl with the Apache2 web server - documentation
    libapache2-mod-python - Python-embedding module for Apache 2
    libapache2-mod-python-doc - Python-embedding module for Apache 2 - documentation
    libapache2-mod-qos - quality of service module for the apache2
    libapache2-mod-rivet - Server-side Tcl programming system combining ease of use and power
    libapache2-mod-rivet-doc - Documentation for Rivet, a server-side Tcl programming system
    libapache2-mod-rpaf - module for Apache2 which takes the last IP from the 'X-Forwarded-For' header
    libapache2-mod-tile - Apache module to deliver tiles created by renderd
    libapache2-mod-watchcat - Process monitoring Apache module
    libapache2-mod-xsendfile - Serve large static files efficiently from web applications
    libapache2-reload-perl - module for reloading Perl modules when changed on disk
    libapache2-sitecontrol-perl - perl web site authentication/authorization system
    libapache2-mod-apreq2 - generic Apache request library - Apache module
    libapache2-request-perl - generic Apache request library - Perl modules
    libapache2-mod-mapcache - tile caching server - Apache module
    libapache2-mod-dnssd - Zeroconf support for Apache 2 via avahi
    libapache2-mod-mime-xattr - Apache2 module to get MIME info from filesystem extended attributes
    libapache2-mod-mono - Apache module for running ASP.NET applications on Mono
    libapache2-mod-vhost-ldap - Apache 2 module for Virtual Hosting from LDAP
    libapache2-mod-wsgi-py3 - Python 3 WSGI adapter module for Apache
    libapache2-mod-security2 - Tighten web applications security for Apache
    libapache2-mpm-itk - multiuser module for Apache
    libapache2-mod-neko - Apache module for running server-side Neko programs
    libapache2-mod-netcgi-apache - OCaml application-level Internet libraries - netcgi2 Apache2 connector
    libapache2-mod-parser3 - Parser 3, HTML-embedded scripting language (Apache2 module)
    libapache2-mod-passenger - Rails and Rack support for Apache2
    libapache2-mod-php - server-side, HTML-embedded scripting language (Apache 2 module) (default)
    libapache2-mod-php7.4 - server-side, HTML-embedded scripting language (Apache 2 module)
    libapache2-mod-r-base - server-side R integration with Apache 2
    libapache2-mod-shib - Federated web single sign-on system (Apache module)
    libapache2-mod-svn - Apache Subversion server modules for Apache httpd
    libapache2-mod-ruwsgi - uwsgi module for Apache2 (mod_Ruwsgi)
    libapache2-mod-ruwsgi-dbg - debugging symbols for Apache2 mod_Ruwsgi
    libapache2-mod-uwsgi - uwsgi module for Apache2 (mod_uwsgi)
    libapache2-mod-uwsgi-dbg - debugging symbols for Apache2 mod_uwsgi
    libapache2-mod-webauth - Apache module for WebAuth authentication
    libapache2-mod-webauthldap - Apache module for WebAuth LDAP lookup and authorization
    libapache2-mod-webkdc - Apache modules for a WebAuth authentication KDC
     


  • How to use the FTDI USB serial cable to RJ45 adapter to connect to the console on Cisco/Juniper Switch Router Firewall in Linux Ubuntu Debian Redhat


    This should work for most console ports of other manufacturers too.  It is a quick and simple method for emegencies or deploying a few appliances/devices in a non-standard environment or small environment. 

    However, if this is a route thing, or the equipment is not physically close to you, it would be best to use some sort of "Terminal" server which is an IP connected switch with several serial ports built-in for this purpose.  Normally they accessible by web/ssh/telnet, so you don't have to worry about getting physical access to the device (eg. if it's in a communications room, datacenter or another place that is not convenient to physically access).

    Step 1 - Just plugin the USB side and then connect to the console port of the device

    The console port is often located at the back of the device, but some devices may have them at the front of the unit.  Also be careful that you don't connect it to the Management port of the device, as then this won't work and you won't receive any output to the terminal.

    You should get output like this after plugging in the USB to RJ45 adapter:

    [ 2113.427366] usb 1-1.2: new full-speed USB device number 24 using ehci-pci
    [ 2113.542286] usb 1-1.2: New USB device found, idVendor=0403, idProduct=6001, bcdDevice= 6.00
    [ 2113.542289] usb 1-1.2: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
    [ 2113.542292] usb 1-1.2: Product: FT232R USB UART
    [ 2113.542294] usb 1-1.2: Manufacturer: FTDI
    [ 2113.542295] usb 1-1.2: SerialNumber: A50285BI
    [ 2113.544859] ftdi_sio 1-1.2:1.0: FTDI USB Serial Device converter detected
    [ 2113.544901] usb 1-1.2: Detected FT232RL
    [ 2113.545854] usb 1-1.2:     FTDI USB Serial Device converter now attached to ttyUSB0

    Note the "attached to ttyUSB0" part, normally a standard serial cable would be available by deault on /dev/ttyS0, but with the USB adapter it will live on /dev/ttyUSB0

    If you don't get the above output, confirm that the ftdi_sio kernel module is loaded.  If it's not there, you may need the following packages:

    linux-modules-extra

    Here is the easiest way to install the missing ftdi driver on Debian/Ubuntu/Mint

    sudo apt install linux-modules-extra-`uname -r`

    Step 2 - Connect to the console port on your device using screen/putty or other tool

    One of the easiest tools to use is screen or putty, but any serial/terminal program will normally do the job.

    screen /dev/ttyUSB0

    Below is an example of consoling into a Juniper switch.

     


  • How To Setup Python3 in Ubuntu Docker Image for AI Deep Learning


    The issue is that Docker images are stripped down, so many tools and even python3 is missing, so you'll have to build or update the actual image yourself.

    I assume you have started an image with something like this and that you have the Nvidia Toolkit installed (assuming you are using GPUs).  If you're not using nvidia just remove --runtime=nvidia --gpus all.

    docker run -it --runtime=nvidia --gpus all ubuntu bash

    These works for most images like Ubuntu 20.04 22.04 etc..:

    apt update;apt install python3-pip


    Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security InRelease [110 kB]
    Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy InRelease [270 kB]
    Get:3 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/restricted amd64 Packages [1404 kB]
    Get:4 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/multiverse amd64 Packages [44.0 kB]
    Get:5 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/universe amd64 Packages [1011 kB]
    Get:6 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main amd64 Packages [1204 kB]
    Get:7 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates InRelease [119 kB]        
    Get:8 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-backports InRelease [109 kB]                 
    Get:9 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/multiverse amd64 Packages [266 kB]
    Get:10 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/restricted amd64 Packages [164 kB]
    Get:11 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 Packages [1792 kB]
    Get:12 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/universe amd64 Packages [17.5 MB]
    Get:13 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/restricted amd64 Packages [1430 kB]
    Get:14 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 Packages [1474 kB]
    Get:15 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/multiverse amd64 Packages [49.8 kB]
    Get:16 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/universe amd64 Packages [1279 kB]
    Get:17 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-backports/universe amd64 Packages [32.6 kB]
    Get:18 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-backports/main amd64 Packages [78.3 kB]
    Fetched 28.3 MB in 3s (8211 kB/s)                          
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree... Done
    Reading state information... Done
    11 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree... Done
    Reading state information... Done
    The following additional packages will be installed:
      binutils binutils-common binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu build-essential bzip2 ca-certificates cpp cpp-11 dirmngr dpkg-dev fakeroot fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core g++ g++-11 gcc gcc-11 gcc-11-base gnupg
      gnupg-l10n gnupg-utils gpg gpg-agent gpg-wks-client gpg-wks-server gpgconf gpgsm javascript-common libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libasan6 libassuan0 libatomic1
      libbinutils libbrotli1 libbsd0 libc-dev-bin libc-devtools libc6-dev libcc1-0 libcrypt-dev libctf-nobfd0 libctf0 libdeflate0 libdpkg-perl libexpat1 libexpat1-dev libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl
      libfontconfig1 libfreetype6 libgcc-11-dev libgd3 libgdbm-compat4 libgdbm6 libgomp1 libisl23 libitm1 libjbig0 libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 libjs-jquery libjs-sphinxdoc libjs-underscore libksba8 libldap-2.5-0
      libldap-common liblocale-gettext-perl liblsan0 libmd0 libmpc3 libmpdec3 libmpfr6 libnpth0 libnsl-dev libperl5.34 libpng16-16 libpython3-dev libpython3-stdlib libpython3.10 libpython3.10-dev
      libpython3.10-minimal libpython3.10-stdlib libquadmath0 libreadline8 libsasl2-2 libsasl2-modules libsasl2-modules-db libsqlite3-0 libstdc++-11-dev libtiff5 libtirpc-dev libtsan0 libubsan1 libwebp7
      libx11-6 libx11-data libxau6 libxcb1 libxdmcp6 libxpm4 linux-libc-dev lto-disabled-list make manpages manpages-dev media-types netbase openssl patch perl perl-modules-5.34 pinentry-curses python3
      python3-dev python3-distutils python3-lib2to3 python3-minimal python3-pkg-resources python3-setuptools python3-wheel python3.10 python3.10-dev python3.10-minimal readline-common rpcsvc-proto ucf xz-utils
      zlib1g-dev
    Suggested packages:
      binutils-doc bzip2-doc cpp-doc gcc-11-locales dbus-user-session libpam-systemd pinentry-gnome3 tor debian-keyring g++-multilib g++-11-multilib gcc-11-doc gcc-multilib autoconf automake libtool flex bison
      gdb gcc-doc gcc-11-multilib parcimonie xloadimage scdaemon apache2 | lighttpd | httpd glibc-doc git bzr libgd-tools gdbm-l10n libsasl2-modules-gssapi-mit | libsasl2-modules-gssapi-heimdal
      libsasl2-modules-ldap libsasl2-modules-otp libsasl2-modules-sql libstdc++-11-doc make-doc man-browser ed diffutils-doc perl-doc libterm-readline-gnu-perl | libterm-readline-perl-perl
      libtap-harness-archive-perl pinentry-doc python3-doc python3-tk python3-venv python-setuptools-doc python3.10-venv python3.10-doc binfmt-support readline-doc
    The following NEW packages will be installed:
      binutils binutils-common binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu build-essential bzip2 ca-certificates cpp cpp-11 dirmngr dpkg-dev fakeroot fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core g++ g++-11 gcc gcc-11 gcc-11-base gnupg
      gnupg-l10n gnupg-utils gpg gpg-agent gpg-wks-client gpg-wks-server gpgconf gpgsm javascript-common libalgorithm-diff-perl libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl libalgorithm-merge-perl libasan6 libassuan0 libatomic1
      libbinutils libbrotli1 libbsd0 libc-dev-bin libc-devtools libc6-dev libcc1-0 libcrypt-dev libctf-nobfd0 libctf0 libdeflate0 libdpkg-perl libexpat1 libexpat1-dev libfakeroot libfile-fcntllock-perl
      libfontconfig1 libfreetype6 libgcc-11-dev libgd3 libgdbm-compat4 libgdbm6 libgomp1 libisl23 libitm1 libjbig0 libjpeg-turbo8 libjpeg8 libjs-jquery libjs-sphinxdoc libjs-underscore libksba8 libldap-2.5-0
      libldap-common liblocale-gettext-perl liblsan0 libmd0 libmpc3 libmpdec3 libmpfr6 libnpth0 libnsl-dev libperl5.34 libpng16-16 libpython3-dev libpython3-stdlib libpython3.10 libpython3.10-dev
      libpython3.10-minimal libpython3.10-stdlib libquadmath0 libreadline8 libsasl2-2 libsasl2-modules libsasl2-modules-db libsqlite3-0 libstdc++-11-dev libtiff5 libtirpc-dev libtsan0 libubsan1 libwebp7
      libx11-6 libx11-data libxau6 libxcb1 libxdmcp6 libxpm4 linux-libc-dev lto-disabled-list make manpages manpages-dev media-types netbase openssl patch perl perl-modules-5.34 pinentry-curses python3
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    Install needed packages

    To get started we just install tensorflow and torch.  You will need to adjust for whatever python libraries you need.

    Install pytorch:

    pip3 install torch matplotlib       
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    Installing collected packages: mpmath, typing-extensions, sympy, six, pyparsing, pillow, packaging, nvidia-nvtx-cu12, nvidia-nvjitlink-cu12, nvidia-nccl-cu12, nvidia-curand-cu12, nvidia-cufft-cu12, nvidia-cuda-runtime-cu12, nvidia-cuda-nvrtc-cu12, nvidia-cuda-cupti-cu12, nvidia-cublas-cu12, numpy, networkx, MarkupSafe, kiwisolver, fsspec, fonttools, filelock, cycler, triton, python-dateutil, nvidia-cusparse-cu12, nvidia-cudnn-cu12, jinja2, contourpy, nvidia-cusolver-cu12, matplotlib, torch
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    Install Tensorflow:

    pip3 install tensorflow       
    WARNING: The directory '/root/.cache/pip' or its parent directory is not owned or is not writable by the current user. The cache has been disabled. Check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you should use sudo's -H flag.
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      Downloading Markdown-3.5.1-py3-none-any.whl (102 kB)
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    Collecting charset-normalizer<4,>=2
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    Installing collected packages: libclang, flatbuffers, wrapt, werkzeug, urllib3, termcolor, tensorflow-io-gcs-filesystem, tensorflow-estimator, tensorboard-data-server, pyasn1, protobuf, opt-einsum, oauthlib, ml-dtypes, markdown, keras, idna, h5py, grpcio, google-pasta, gast, charset-normalizer, certifi, cachetools, astunparse, absl-py, rsa, requests, pyasn1-modules, requests-oauthlib, google-auth, google-auth-oauthlib, tensorboard, tensorflow
    Successfully installed absl-py-2.0.0 astunparse-1.6.3 cachetools-5.3.2 certifi-2023.11.17 charset-normalizer-3.3.2 flatbuffers-23.5.26 gast-0.5.4 google-auth-2.23.4 google-auth-oauthlib-1.1.0 google-pasta-0.2.0 grpcio-1.59.3 h5py-3.10.0 idna-3.4 keras-2.15.0 libclang-16.0.6 markdown-3.5.1 ml-dtypes-0.2.0 oauthlib-3.2.2 opt-einsum-3.3.0 protobuf-4.23.4 pyasn1-0.5.0 pyasn1-modules-0.3.0 requests-2.31.0 requests-oauthlib-1.3.1 rsa-4.9 tensorboard-2.15.1 tensorboard-data-server-0.7.2 tensorflow-2.15.0 tensorflow-estimator-2.15.0 tensorflow-io-gcs-filesystem-0.34.0 termcolor-2.3.0 urllib3-2.1.0 werkzeug-3.0.1 wrapt-1.14.1
     

     


  • How to Configure NVIDIA GPUs with Docker on Ubuntu: A Comprehensive Guide for AI Deep Learning CUDA Solution


    Welcome to our in-depth guide on configuring NVIDIA GPUs with Docker on Ubuntu. This post is tailored for developers, data scientists, and IT professionals who are looking to leverage the power of NVIDIA's GPU acceleration within Docker containers. 

    Whether you're working on machine learning projects, scientific computations, or any GPU-intensive tasks, this guide will walk you through the process step-by-step.

    This guide will work for all Nvidia GPUs that have a supported driver in Linux such as the GTX, RTX and Tesla series.  Of course the Tesla series is recommended as they have ECC and are more tailored for AI applications.

    Normally it is not possible to share a GPU with multiple containers

    Typically 1 real/physical GPU can work on one machine, whether physical or a VM that gets exclusive use.  But nvidia has made tools that solve this problem by essentially creating a layer between Docker and the nvidia driver.

    There is the old nvidia-docker2 package that NVIDIA has created which allows an unlimited amount of Docker containers to use the underlaying GPU(s) on the host  but this has now been deprecrated for the new "nvidia-toolkit"

    nvidia-toolkit is what you want unless there's a reason why you have an older distro that can't use the newer nvidia-toolkit.

    nvidia-toolkit official install guide: https://docs.nvidia.com/datacenter/cloud-native/container-toolkit/latest/install-guide.html

    How To Install nvidia-toolkit on Mint Ubuntu Debian

    Step 1.) Add the Nvidia repo to Linux

    First we add the gpg key for the repo:

    curl -fsSL https://nvidia.github.io/libnvidia-container/gpgkey | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/nvidia-container-toolkit-keyring.gpg

    Add the repo into our sources.list.d

    curl -s -L https://nvidia.github.io/libnvidia-container/stable/deb/nvidia-container-toolkit.list | sed 's#deb https://#deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/nvidia-container-toolkit-keyring.gpg] https://#g' |  
    sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nvidia-container-toolkit.list

    Update apt so it can see the required packages from the nvidia repo

    apt update

    Step 2 - Install nvidia toolkit

    apt-get install -y nvidia-container-toolkit

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libnvidia-container-tools libnvidia-container1 nvidia-container-toolkit-base
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libnvidia-container-tools libnvidia-container1 nvidia-container-toolkit nvidia-container-toolkit-base
0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 690 not upgraded.
Need to get 4,194 kB of archives.
After this operation, 16.6 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 https://nvidia.github.io/libnvidia-container/stable/deb/amd64  libnvidia-container1 1.14.3-1 [923 kB]
Get:2 https://nvidia.github.io/libnvidia-container/stable/deb/amd64  libnvidia-container-tools 1.14.3-1 [19.3 kB]
Get:3 https://nvidia.github.io/libnvidia-container/stable/deb/amd64  nvidia-container-toolkit-base 1.14.3-1 [2,336 kB]
Get:4 https://nvidia.github.io/libnvidia-container/stable/deb/amd64  nvidia-container-toolkit 1.14.3-1 [917 kB]
Fetched 4,194 kB in 1s (3,150 kB/s)           
Selecting previously unselected package libnvidia-container1:amd64.
(Reading database ... 467373 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libnvidia-container1_1.14.3-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libnvidia-container1:amd64 (1.14.3-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libnvidia-container-tools.
Preparing to unpack .../libnvidia-container-tools_1.14.3-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libnvidia-container-tools (1.14.3-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package nvidia-container-toolkit-base.
Preparing to unpack .../nvidia-container-toolkit-base_1.14.3-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking nvidia-container-toolkit-base (1.14.3-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package nvidia-container-toolkit.
Preparing to unpack .../nvidia-container-toolkit_1.14.3-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking nvidia-container-toolkit (1.14.3-1) ...
Setting up nvidia-container-toolkit-base (1.14.3-1) ...
Setting up libnvidia-container1:amd64 (1.14.3-1) ...
Setting up libnvidia-container-tools (1.14.3-1) ...
Setting up nvidia-container-toolkit (1.14.3-1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.2) ...

    Step 3 - Docker Configuration

    nvidia-ctk runtime configure --runtime=docker


    INFO[0000] Loading config from /etc/docker/daemon.json  
    INFO[0000] Wrote updated config to /etc/docker/daemon.json
    INFO[0000] It is recommended that docker daemon be restarted.

    Step 4 - Test

    docker run --rm --runtime=nvidia --gpus all ubuntu nvidia-smi

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 390.154                Driver Version: 390.154                   |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  Tesla V100-SXM2...      Off  | 00000000:04:00.0 N/A |              N/A |
| N/A   41C    P0    N/A /  N/A |    0MiB /   16160MiB |     N/A      Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
                                                                               
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                       GPU Memory |
|  GPU       PID   Type   Process name                             Usage      |
|=============================================================================|
|    0                    Not Supported                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

     


  • Linux Ubuntu Mint how to check nameservers when /etc/resolv.conf disabled solution


    You'll notice that /etc/resolv.conf contains dire warners on most Linux Desktops. 


    # This file is managed by man:systemd-resolved(8). Do not edit.
    #
    # This is a dynamic resolv.conf file for connecting local clients to the
    # internal DNS stub resolver of systemd-resolved. This file lists all
    # configured search domains.
    #
    # Run "resolvectl status" to see details about the uplink DNS servers
    # currently in use.
    #
    # Third party programs must not access this file directly, but only through the
    # symlink at /etc/resolv.conf. To manage man:resolv.conf(5) in a different way,
    # replace this symlink by a static file or a different symlink.
    #
    # See man:systemd-resolved.service(8) for details about the supported modes of
    # operation for /etc/resolv.conf.

    nameserver 127.0.0.53
     

    This is because of systemd-resolved, which is a local, internal DNS resolver service that handles all of the DNS requests.  It warns you not to make changes since they will just be overwritten and defaulted back to the local resolver running on 127.0.0.52 as we can see with the line for "nameserver 127.0.0.53"

    We can see that indeed systemd-resolved is running on 127.0.0.53

    Output of netstat

    tcp        0      0 127.0.0.53:53           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1773/systemd-resolv
    udp        0      0 127.0.0.53:53           0.0.0.0:*                           1773/systemd-resolv

     

    You can check the current nameservers with this command:

    systemd-resolve --status

    Global
           LLMNR setting: no                  
    MulticastDNS setting: no                  
      DNSOverTLS setting: no                  
          DNSSEC setting: no                  
        DNSSEC supported: no                  
      Current DNS Server: 172.76.5.2     
             DNS Servers:     172.76.5.2
                          172.76.5.3     
              DNSSEC NTA: 10.in-addr.arpa     
                          16.172.in-addr.arpa
                          168.192.in-addr.arpa
                          17.172.in-addr.arpa
                          18.172.in-addr.arpa
                          19.172.in-addr.arpa
                          20.172.in-addr.arpa
                          21.172.in-addr.arpa
                          22.172.in-addr.arpa
                          23.172.in-addr.arpa
                          24.172.in-addr.arpa
                          25.172.in-addr.arpa
                          26.172.in-addr.arpa
                          27.172.in-addr.arpa
                          28.172.in-addr.arpa
                          29.172.in-addr.arpa
                          30.172.in-addr.arpa
                          31.172.in-addr.arpa
                          corp                
                          d.f.ip6.arpa        
                          home                
                          internal            
                          intranet            
                          lan                 
                          local               
                          private             
                          test                

    Link 13 (veth8325f72)
          Current Scopes: none
    DefaultRoute setting: no  
           LLMNR setting: yes
    MulticastDNS setting: no  
      DNSOverTLS setting: no  
          DNSSEC setting: no  
        DNSSEC supported: no  

    Link 11 (veth9a73ce5)
          Current Scopes: none
    DefaultRoute setting: no  
           LLMNR setting: yes
    MulticastDNS setting: no  
      DNSOverTLS setting: no  
          DNSSEC setting: no  
        DNSSEC supported: no  

    How can we get rid of systemd-resolved?

    In fact this is required if want to run our own bind or DNSMasq server for various reasons including running your own local routing/DNS: https://realtechtalk.com/Virtualbox_Best_Networking_Mode_In_LabWork_Environment_without_using_NAT_Network_or_Bridged-2475-articles

     

    systemctl disable systemd-resolved

    #remember to stop it too!

    systemctl stop systemd-resolved

    Remember to actually add a "nameserver" entry in /etc/resolv.conf or your DNS won't work.


  • Docker cannot work on other overlayfs filesystems such as ecryptfs won't start overlayfs: filesystem on '/home/docker/overlay2/check-overlayfs-support130645871/upper' not supported as upperdir


    This does not seem to be officially documented but makes sense that an overlay on an overlay does not work and is considered an unsupported filesystem as is even NTFS .  Some admins/organizations try to use ecyptfs as a simple solution to encrypt the contents of Docker.  Instead, you could probably use something like Luks to encrypt it all.

    One other half measure that you can use, is to do mount a volume that is encrypted to your container.  If all the sensitive data is located on the volume alone, that would provide a better level of security than no encryption.  However, if during the operation of the container, data is copied to portions of the container that are not part of the encrypted mount volume, then this does expose any of those portions of data.  It also won't help protect any secrets that are stored in Docker, since those will live in unencrypted /var/lib/docker, so keep that in mind.

    You'll get errors like this when trying to run on ecryptfs or another overlayfs system:

    [graphdriver] trying configured driver: overlay2
    failed to mount overlay: invalid argument     storage-driver=overlay2
    failed to start daemon: error initializing graphdriver: driver not supported: overlay2

    overlayfs: filesystem on '/home/docker/overlay2/check-overlayfs-support130645871/upper' not supported as upperdir

    Basically Docker mainly supports and recommends overlayfs, so this does create a limitation if the data directory for docker (by default /var/lib/docker) is already using overlayfs for any reason.

    References:

    https://github.com/moby/moby/pull/23121

    https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/22577

    https://forums.rancher.com/t/overlayfs-filesystem-on-not-supported-as-upperdir/20690


  • Linux How To Access Original Contents of Directory Mounted Debian Mint CentOS Redhat Solution


    Let's say you have a directory /mnt/raid which has files and directories inside it, but nothing is mounted to it.

    Then you mount a block device such as /dev/sdh to /mnt/raid

    Even though /mnt/raid has files and directories there, you can only see the mounted contents of /mnt/raid.

    How do we access the original contents?

    Just do a bind mount of the root filesystem to another location.

    mkdir /bindmount

    mount --bind / /bindmount

    Now just go to /bindmount/mnt/raid and you will be able to see the original contents of those files/directories and this is the case with any other situation where something is mounted on a directory.

     


  • ecryptfs how to manually encrypt your existing home directory or other directory


    Just in case, it is reocmmended to backup the original contents of the directory (especially your home dir) before proceeding.

    Setup ecryptfs

    Run this command: ecryptfs-setup-private

    It will ask you for your login password, this is so that when you login, everything is automatically decrypted by using a passphrase that is wrapped with your login.

    You can hit enter and leave things blank for an autogenerated passphrase (for mounting) or you can enter your own.

    You should have output like below and then, logout and login and see that things are mounted.

    Check that ecryptfs worked

    As we can see things are mounted on /home/mint/Private

    This is the default behavior, and remember that only files and directories inside /home/youruser/Private are actually encrypted.

     


  • How to Reset CIPC Cisco IP Communicator for CME CUCM CallManager


    Just hit **# on the keypad and the CIPC will enable the button in settings for a factory reset.  Sometimes the phone may run into issues or may be unable to register to another tftp server (eg. another CME or CUCM server) due to a bug or maybe due to the security settings tying it to a specific server.

    Step 1 - Click Settings


     

    Step 2 - Hit "**#" on the keypad

    Below is how things look when the phone is still locked. 

     

    After hitting **# you will see the "Erase" button appear like below:

     

     

    Click the "Erase" button and it will be reset.


  • Internet Explorer Cannot Download File "Your security settings do not allow for this file to be downloaded." Security Settings Solution


    By default in most newer Windows installs, you will not be able to download files from "Internet" sites and you'll get this error "Your security settings do not allow for this file to be downloaded."

    Solution to Enable Downloads in IE Internet Explorer

    1.) Go to Settings (button) -> Internet options -> Security (tab)

    2.) Click "Internet" and then the "Custom Level" button.

    3.) Find the following section and set Download to Enabled.

    Downloads: File Download: Enabled (check)

    Solution to enable file downloads in Internet Explorer

    Enable File Downloads in Internet Explorer

    *If you find it is already enabled you are probably in the wrong area under Trusted Sites, make sure you are under "Internet".


  • Linux How To Upgrade To The Latest Kernel Debian Mint Ubuntu


    How to check what kernel version you have/currently running?

    uname -rm
    5.4.0-91-generic x86_64

    The above shows us that we are running 5.4.0-91-generic on the x86_64 architecture.

    The safest way is to stick with the same flavor eg if you're on generic, and say on kernel 5.4.0 then it makes sense to follow what is below.  However, if you are migrating or dual booting between newer hardware (eg. you got a new laptop, server or Desktop that is newer than the age of your kernel), you may want to switch series.

    For example in Ubuntu 20 we can search and see there is Kernel 5.15 which will provide newer hardware support.  If you try to upgrade your existing flavor and kernel version and find it doesn't work, then it's time to do the second method we'll describe later on.

    If you want the latest version of the flavor you have, which is often -generic, then type this:

    If your Linux flavor is something other than generic then change the -generic below.

    sudo apt install linux-image-generic

    The example below is from the Ubuntu 20 live CD.


    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree       
    Reading state information... Done
    The following additional packages will be installed:
      linux-generic linux-headers-5.4.0-166 linux-headers-5.4.0-166-generic linux-headers-generic linux-image-5.4.0-166-generic linux-modules-5.4.0-166-generic linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-166-generic
    Suggested packages:
      fdutils linux-doc | linux-source-5.4.0 linux-tools
    The following NEW packages will be installed:
      linux-headers-5.4.0-166 linux-headers-5.4.0-166-generic linux-image-5.4.0-166-generic linux-modules-5.4.0-166-generic linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-166-generic
    The following packages will be upgraded:
      linux-generic linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic
    3 upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 685 not upgraded.
    Need to get 77.1 MB of archives.
    After this operation, 380 MB of additional disk space will be used.
    Do you want to continue? [Y/n]

    Second Method Upgrade Kernel Series To The Latest

    Say your kernel series was 5.4 generic and you upgraded to the latest one (at this time in Ubuntu 20 that would be 5.4.0-166) and you find your new hardware is still not supported.   You'll want to do an apt-cache search linux-image and see what the latest series is, as newer kernel series' will probably support your new hardware.  This is likely a case of your hardware not existing when the kernel version/series was created, so there are no valid kernel modules for some of your new hardware.

    You do an apt-cache search linux-image and then grep on generic (or whatever flavor you want).

    As w can see below, Linux 5.15 linux-image-5.15.0-88-generic is the latest version, so we'll install this one, plus the extra modules ( linux-modules-extra) and kernel source (linux-headers).

    sudo apt install linux-modules-5.15.0-88-generic linux-headers-5.15.0-88-generic linux-modules-extra-5.15.0-88-generic

    apt-cache search linux-image-|grep generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-26-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-generic - Generic Linux kernel image
    linux-image-generic-hwe-18.04 - Generic Linux kernel image (dummy transitional package)
    linux-image-generic-hwe-18.04-edge - Generic Linux kernel image (dummy transitional package)
    linux-image-generic-hwe-20.04 - Generic Linux kernel image
    linux-image-oem - Depends on the generic kernel image (dummy transitional package)
    linux-image-oem-osp1 - Depends on the generic kernel image (dummy transitional package)
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-26-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-26-generic - Linux kernel nvidia modules for version 5.4.0-26
    linux-modules-nvidia-440-5.4.0-26-generic - Linux kernel nvidia modules for version 5.4.0-26
    linux-image-5.11.0-22-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-25-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-27-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-34-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-36-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-37-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-38-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-40-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-41-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-43-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-44-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.11.0-46-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-1007-intel - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-21-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-22-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-23-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-25-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-27-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-28-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-30-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-35-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-37-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-39-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-40-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-41-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-44-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-48-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-51-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.13.0-52-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-33-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-41-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-43-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-46-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-48-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-50-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-52-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-53-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-56-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-57-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-58-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-60-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-67-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-69-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-70-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-71-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-72-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-73-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-75-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-76-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-78-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-79-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-82-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-83-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-84-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-86-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-87-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.15.0-88-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-100-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-104-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-105-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-107-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-109-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-110-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-113-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-117-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-120-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-121-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-122-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-124-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-125-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-126-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-128-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-131-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-132-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-135-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-136-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-137-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-139-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-144-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-146-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-147-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-148-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-149-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-150-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-152-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-153-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-155-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-156-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-159-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-162-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-163-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-164-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-165-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-166-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-28-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-29-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-31-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-33-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-37-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-39-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-40-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-45-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-47-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-48-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-51-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-52-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-53-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-54-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-58-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-59-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-60-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-62-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-64-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-65-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-66-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-67-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-70-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-71-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-72-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-73-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-74-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-77-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-80-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-81-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-84-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-86-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-88-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-89-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-90-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-91-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-92-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-94-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-96-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-97-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.4.0-99-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-23-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-25-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-28-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-29-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-33-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-34-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-36-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-38-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-40-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-41-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-43-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-44-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-45-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-48-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-49-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-50-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-53-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-55-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-59-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-5.8.0-63-generic - Signed kernel image generic
    linux-image-generic-hwe-20.04-edge - Generic Linux kernel image
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-22-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-25-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-27-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-34-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-36-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-37-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-38-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-40-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-41-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-43-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-44-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.11.0-46-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-21-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-22-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-23-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-25-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-27-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-28-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-30-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-35-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-37-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-39-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-40-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-41-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-44-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-48-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-51-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.13.0-52-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.13.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-33-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-41-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-43-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-46-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-48-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-50-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-52-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-53-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-56-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-57-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-58-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-60-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-67-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-69-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-70-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-71-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-72-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-73-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-75-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-76-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-78-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-79-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-82-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-83-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-84-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-86-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-87-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.15.0-88-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.15.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-100-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-104-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-105-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-107-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-109-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-110-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-113-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-117-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-120-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-121-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-122-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-124-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-125-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-126-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-128-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-131-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-132-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-135-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-136-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-137-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-139-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-144-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-146-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-147-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-148-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-149-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-150-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-152-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-153-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-155-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-156-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-159-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-162-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-163-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-164-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-165-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-166-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-28-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-29-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-31-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-33-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-37-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-39-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-40-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-42-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-45-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-47-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-48-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-51-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-52-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-53-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-54-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-58-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-59-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-60-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-62-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-64-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-65-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-66-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-67-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-70-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-71-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-72-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-73-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-74-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-77-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-80-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-81-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-84-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-86-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-88-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-89-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-90-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-91-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-92-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-94-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-96-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-97-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.4.0-99-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-23-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-25-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-28-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-29-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-33-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-34-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-36-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-38-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-40-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-41-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-43-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-44-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-45-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-48-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-49-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-50-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-53-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-55-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-59-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-image-unsigned-5.8.0-63-generic - Linux kernel image for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP
    linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-28-generic - Linux kernel nvidia modules for version 5.4.0-28
    linux-modules-nvidia-440-5.4.0-28-generic - Linux kernel nvidia modules for version 5.4.0-28
     

     

    References: https://wiki.debian.org/HowToUpgradeKernel


  • Firefox how to restore and backup saved passwords and history which files/location


    The passwords are stored in the following locations on Unix/Linux:

    The directory is usually inside your home like this:

    ~/.mozilla/firefox

    logins.json contains the locations, username and password

    key*.db (usually then name could be key3.db or key4.db)

    Without the key file you will not see any passwords in Firefox as it is required to in order to decrypt the contents of logins.json

    Copy those files and restore them to the current machine/profile and you should be able to access your old passwords.

    How to backup and restore browsing history?

    Just copy and restore places.sqlite


  • Linux How To echo as root solution to use tee permission denied solution Ubuntu Debian Mint Redhat CentOS


    The issue is when you need to echo something as root/sudo, that it doesn't work.  You can never do a sudo echo to an output file as you'd expect.

    Take an example to clear out wasted RAM buffers/cache like this:

    sudo echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
    -bash: /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches: Permission denied

    The solution is to run tee as sudo/root

    What we do is echo 1, but then pipe it to the "tee" command as sudo, which then writes the value to the proc entry drop_caches.

    echo 1|sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
     

    This will of course work whenever you need to echo something that requires root privileges.

    Another example of using echo with tee.


  • Linux how to keep command line bash process running if you are disconnected or need to logout of SSH remotely


    So you started a process or other important task that is remote but it is in the foreground and on a pts.  This means if you background with Ctrl + Z or otherwise logout or get disconnected that the process will be stopped.

    Here is how you can solve the problem:

    1.) Hit Ctrl + Z to suspend the process.

    2.) Type bg to restore the process into the background.  If you do a ps aux on the process you will see it was restored with the & at the end, which puts it into the background.

    Now there is no need to restart the task.

    What is a more permanent solution to keep a terminal window open without manually backgrounding processes?

    You can use the "screen" tool which gives you multiple virtual terminals that stay open even if you are disconnected.


  • Linux swapping too much? How to check the swappiness and stop swapping


    We could always disable swap but this would normally be a bad idea unless you have an incredible amount of RAM and a workload that will never exceed it.  However, for live/containerized and high performance environments it could be desirable.

    Another middle ground may be to set swappiness to a lower number.

    You may also want to clear your kernel's cache, which could be eating up RAM unnecessarily by clearing buffers/cache.

    Swappiness is the tendency and how aggressively or passively you want to use swap space

    swappiness is a numeric value between 100 and 0, with 100 being the most aggressive and 0 being the least likely to swap.

    How to check your current swappiness level?

    Here is an example on Ubuntu 20's defaults:

    cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
    60

    We can see it is currently at level 60, which is a slight bias toward swapping more aggressively.

    How can we temporarily change swappiness?

    Just enter the numeric value and echo it into the swappiness entry under proc.

    echo 30 > /proc/sys/vm/swappiness

    How can we make the change permanent?

    Edit /etc/sysctl.conf and add this:

    vm.swappiness=30


  • request_module: runaway loop modprobe binfmt-464c Kernel panic - not syncing: No init found Pid: 1, comm: swapper/0 Not tainted solution


    request_module: runaway loop modprobe binfmt-464c Kernel panic - not syncing: No init found Pid: 1, comm: swapper/0 Not tainted

    This is usually caused by a mismatch in architecture and happens frequently in development environments.

    Here is a example of what caused this issue:

    1. Your binaries are based on one architecture
    2. Your kernel was compiled with another architecture.

    Why does this happen?

    Perhaps you migrated your dev environment and chrooted into it, in a new architecture or perhaps you migrated to newer hardware with a different architecture (eg. your dev container is now running on a different architecture than the original).  When you make your kernel, it will by default compile for the active architecture (eg. if you are in a 64 bit x64 kernel then it will compile the kernel as x64 even if your kernel config specified ARM or i386).

    A good hint that this is happening is if you have the same kernel, same config but it is asking you questions about enabling different kernel modules and drivers.  It is likely because of the change in architecture.

    This is a frequent cause of the issue that leads to the mismatch and which is why it tries to modprobe binfmt-464c module to try to try make the non-compatible binaries work.

    How to avoid this?

    Never migrate or one simple way is when you make your kernel specify the architecture using the ARCH= switch.

    make ARCH=i386

     


  • How To Add Multiple SSH Keys Ubuntu Mint Linux Debian Redhat


    By default if you create a private key for SSH, it will create something like .ssh/id_rsa

    Linux will always search for and offer this key when connecting to servers. 

    If you put extra keys in your .ssh directory like id_rsa_realtechtalk.com, they will be ignored by default and NOT used or offered (you can verify this with ssh -v) and see it is not being offered.

    Here is how you add the extra SSH keys so they are all offered:

    #this gives us the PID of the SSH agent otherwise our shell won't know how to communicate with the agent which would cuase ssh-add to fail (this is usually only the case if you have a remote ssh session and are not physically on the actual host).

    eval `ssh-agent -s`

    The actual output of the above starts the ssh-agent and exports the SSH_AUTH_SOCK and SSH_AGENT_PID variables.

    SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-adfasdf3Bq/agent.312027; export SSH_AUTH_SOCK;
    SSH_AGENT_PID=35028; export SSH_AGENT_PID;

    #this adds our file id_rsa_realtechtalk.com (you should adjust to the actual path and name of your SSH key file that you wish to be offered when connecting to remote hosts)

    ssh-add id_rsa_realtechtalk.com

    After this you should be able to be able to connect via SSH/SCP using your newly added key and all keys should be offered.

    How can you see which SSH keys are available and added?

    ssh-add -l

    root@e2ac5b0ec2d0:/# ssh-add -l  
    The agent has no identities.

    If you added your keys you should see something like this:

    ssh-add -l
    2048 SHA256:pj53UXwoF490CDaKqlrA9MYwpVYL3+ynzrV1Sk/aNyM root@e2ac5b0ec2d0 (RSA)

    Error when running ssh-add -l

    Could not open a connection to your authentication agent.
     

    You need to run ssh-agent like this: eval `ssh-agent -s`

    Again this happens when you are on a remote host and requires you to run ssh-agent like above.

    ssh-agent does not work over remote ssh session

    If you normally work from the GUI (eg. Mate Desktop, Gnome, KDE) your SSH_AUTH_SOCK are probably something like /run/user/5200/keyring/ssh

    The SSH_AGENT_PID would be the PID of the correct agent.

    This happens because the environment variable SSH_AUTH_SOCK and SSH_AGENT_PID is not set by default when you login remotely by ssh.

    How do we fix it? Normally this will be enough to fix it (even without the SSH_AGENT_PID):

    export SSH_AUTH_SOCK="/run/user/5200/keyring/ssh"

    Change the 5200 to the UID of your user that normally authenticates with the keys that you want.

    You could make the above automatic by adding the export command to ~/.bashrc
     


  • ecryptfs how to change default mount location from Private Ubuntu Debian Centos How


    In a lot of distros like Debian, ecryptfs will mount itself in /home/yourusername/Private

    This is controlled by Private.mnt which may contain the mount path like this:

    /home/yourusername/Private

    Change the default mount location of ecryptfs by modifying this file:

    home/.ecryptfs/yourusername/.ecryptfs/Private.mnt

    After you unmount and relogin, you should find ecryptfs is now mounted in the updated path specified in Private.mnt


  • bash: apt-add-repository: command not found solved solution fix


    Getting this error "bash: apt-add-repository: command not found" ?

    You need to install the software-properties-common to solve the error:

    sudo apt-get install software-properties-common


  • How to upgrade to the latest Python version on Linux Ubuntu Debian Mint 3.11


    A lot of developers want to go to 3.11 because of the speed improvements, but most distros never have the latest Python version.

    Using the deadsnakes third party repo is the easiest way aside from compiling it yourself (which is safer and recommended):

    Step 1 - Add the repo

    apt-add-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa

    If you get an error about requests then install it:

    pip3 install requests
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "/usr/lib/linuxmint/mintSources/mintSources.py", line 11, in
        import requests
    ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'requests'

    pip3 install requests
    Collecting requests
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/2d/61/08076519c80041bc0ffa1a8af0cbd3bf3e2b62af10435d269a9d0f40564d/requests-2.27.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (63kB)
        100% |████████████████████████████████| 71kB 4.5MB/s
    Collecting certifi>=2017.4.17 (from requests)
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/4c/dd/2234eab22353ffc7d94e8d13177aaa050113286e93e7b40eae01fbf7c3d9/certifi-2023.7.22-py3-none-any.whl (158kB)
        100% |████████████████████████████████| 163kB 5.0MB/s
    Collecting urllib3<1.27,>=1.21.1 (from requests)
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/48/fe/a5c6cc46e9fe9171d7ecf0f33ee7aae14642f8d74baa7af4d7840f9358be/urllib3-1.26.17-py2.py3-none-any.whl (143kB)
        100% |████████████████████████████████| 153kB 9.2MB/s
    Requirement already satisfied: idna<4,>=2.5; python_version >= "3" in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from requests)
    Collecting charset-normalizer~=2.0.0; python_version >= "3" (from requests)
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/06/b3/24afc8868eba069a7f03650ac750a778862dc34941a4bebeb58706715726/charset_normalizer-2.0.12-py3-none-any.whl
    Installing collected packages: certifi, urllib3, charset-normalizer, requests
    Successfully installed certifi-2023.7.22 charset-normalizer-2.0.12 requests-2.27.1 urllib3-1.26.17
     

    Installation of the deadsnakes ppa

    Unable to init server: Could not connect: Connection refused
    Unable to init server: Could not connect: Connection refused
    You are about to add the following PPA:
     This PPA contains more recent Python versions packaged for Ubuntu.

    Disclaimer: there's no guarantee of timely updates in case of security problems or other issues. If you want to use them in a security-or-otherwise-critical environment (say, on a production server), you do so at your own risk.

    Update Note
    ===========
    Please use this repository instead of ppa:fkrull/deadsnakes.

    Reporting Issues
    ================

    Issues can be reported in the master issue tracker at:
    https://github.com/deadsnakes/issues/issues

    Supported Ubuntu and Python Versions
    ====================================

    - Ubuntu 20.04 (focal) Python3.5 - Python3.7, Python3.9 - Python3.11
    - Ubuntu 22.04 (jammy) Python3.7 - Python3.9, Python3.11
    - Note: Python2.7 (all), Python 3.8 (focal), Python 3.10 (jammy) are not provided by deadsnakes as upstream ubuntu provides those packages.

    Why some packages aren't built:
    - Note: for focal, older python versions require libssl<1.1 so they are not currently built
    - Note: for jammy, older python versions requre libssl<3 so they are not currently built
    - If you need these, reach out to asottile to set up a private ppa

    The packages may also work on other versions of Ubuntu or Debian, but that is not tested or supported.

    Packages
    ========

    The packages provided here are loosely based on the debian upstream packages with some modifications to make them more usable as non-default pythons and on ubuntu.  As such, the packages follow debian's patterns and often do not include a full python distribution with just `apt install python#.#`.  Here is a list of packages that may be useful along with the default install:

    - `python#.#-dev`: includes development headers for building C extensions
    - `python#.#-venv`: provides the standard library `venv` module
    - `python#.#-distutils`: provides the standard library `distutils` module
    - `python#.#-lib2to3`: provides the `2to3-#.#` utility as well as the standard library `lib2to3` module
    - `python#.#-gdbm`: provides the standard library `dbm.gnu` module
    - `python#.#-tk`: provides the standard library `tkinter` module

    Third-Party Python Modules
    ==========================

    Python modules in the official Ubuntu repositories are packaged to work with the Python interpreters from the official repositories. Accordingly, they generally won't work with the Python interpreters from this PPA. As an exception, pure-Python modules for Python 3 will work, but any compiled extension modules won't.

    To install 3rd-party Python modules, you should use the common Python packaging tools.  For an introduction into the Python packaging ecosystem and its tools, refer to the Python Packaging User Guide:
    https://packaging.python.org/installing/

    Sources
    =======
    The package sources are available at:
    https://github.com/deadsnakes/

    Nightly Builds
    ==============

    For nightly builds, see ppa:deadsnakes/nightly https://launchpad.net/~deadsnakes/+archive/ubuntu/nightly
     More info: https://launchpad.net/~deadsnakes/+archive/ubuntu/ppa
    Press Enter to continue or Ctrl+C to cancel

    Executing: /tmp/apt-key-gpghome.grYwz5aXqY/gpg.1.sh --keyserver hkps://keyserver.ubuntu.com:443 --recv-keys F23C5A6CF475977595C89F51BA6932366A755776
    gpg: key BA6932366A755776: public key "Launchpad PPA for deadsnakes" imported
    gpg: Total number processed: 1
    gpg:               imported: 1

    Install Python 3.11

    apt update

    apt install python3.11

    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree       
    Reading state information... Done
    The following additional packages will be installed:
      libpython3.11-minimal libpython3.11-stdlib python3.11-minimal
    Suggested packages:
      python3.11-venv binfmt-support
    The following NEW packages will be installed:
      libpython3.11-minimal libpython3.11-stdlib python3.11 python3.11-minimal
    0 upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
    Need to get 5570 kB of archives.
    After this operation, 21.9 MB of additional disk space will be used.
    Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
    Get:1 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu focal/main amd64 libpython3.11-minimal amd64 3.11.5-1+focal1 [851 kB]
    Get:2 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu focal/main amd64 python3.11-minimal amd64 3.11.5-1+focal1 [2298 kB]
    Get:3 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu focal/main amd64 libpython3.11-stdlib amd64 3.11.5-1+focal1 [1801 kB]
    Get:4 http://ppa.launchpad.net/deadsnakes/ppa/ubuntu focal/main amd64 python3.11 amd64 3.11.5-1+focal1 [620 kB]
    Fetched 5570 kB in 4s (1307 kB/s)   
    debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Dialog
    debconf: (No usable dialog-like program is installed, so the dialog based frontend cannot be used. at /usr/share/perl5/Debconf/FrontEnd/Dialog.pm line 76, <> line 4.)
    debconf: falling back to frontend: Readline
    Selecting previously unselected package libpython3.11-minimal:amd64.
    (Reading database ... 20150 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../libpython3.11-minimal_3.11.5-1+focal1_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libpython3.11-minimal:amd64 (3.11.5-1+focal1) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package python3.11-minimal.
    Preparing to unpack .../python3.11-minimal_3.11.5-1+focal1_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking python3.11-minimal (3.11.5-1+focal1) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package libpython3.11-stdlib:amd64.
    Preparing to unpack .../libpython3.11-stdlib_3.11.5-1+focal1_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libpython3.11-stdlib:amd64 (3.11.5-1+focal1) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package python3.11.
    Preparing to unpack .../python3.11_3.11.5-1+focal1_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking python3.11 (3.11.5-1+focal1) ...
    Setting up libpython3.11-minimal:amd64 (3.11.5-1+focal1) ...
    Setting up python3.11-minimal (3.11.5-1+focal1) ...
    Setting up libpython3.11-stdlib:amd64 (3.11.5-1+focal1) ...
    Setting up python3.11 (3.11.5-1+focal1) ...
    Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ...

    You may have to manually invoke as you'll see in Ubuntu 20 it uses the default 3.8 still:

    ls -al /usr/bin/python3
    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Mar 13  2020 /usr/bin/python3 -> python3.8
     

    Or if you can take the risk in a testing environment, change the symlink for python3 to point to python3.11

    pip won't work either, so you can use venv or do this (if it's a testing/dev environment):

    wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py

    python3.11 get-pip.py
    Collecting pip
      Obtaining dependency information for pip from https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/50/c2/e06851e8cc28dcad7c155f4753da8833ac06a5c704c109313b8d5a62968a/pip-23.2.1-py3-none-any.whl.metadata
      Downloading pip-23.2.1-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (4.2 kB)
    Downloading pip-23.2.1-py3-none-any.whl (2.1 MB)
       ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 2.1/2.1 MB 36.3 MB/s eta 0:00:00
    Installing collected packages: pip
      Attempting uninstall: pip
        Found existing installation: pip 20.0.2
        Uninstalling pip-20.0.2:
          Successfully uninstalled pip-20.0.2
    Successfully installed pip-23.2.1
    WARNING: Running pip as the 'root' user can result in broken permissions and conflicting behaviour with the system package manager. It is recommended to use a virtual environment instead: https://pip.pypa.io/warnings/venv



  • kernel panic initramfs not syncing cause solution


    Check your initramfs if it's missing /dev/null or /dev/console, this is likely the reason.

    If you want all actual devices to be created you could also enable devtmpfs in your kernel (.config) and mount like this during init:

    CONFIG_DEVTMPFS=y
    CONFIG_DEVTMPFS_MOUNT=y

    mount -t devtmpfs none /dev

    But note devtmpfs will not create /dev/null or /dev/console for you.


  • add bridge failed: Package not installed Linux Bridge Not working Ubuntu Mint Debian solution


    If you get this error in your logs:

    add bridge failed: Package not installed

    This error normally means one of two things.

    1.) Is your brctl (bridge-utils) installed?

    On Mint/Debian check for "brctl". If it's not there do

    sudo apt install bridge-utils uml-utilities

    2.) Is your bridge.ko (bridge kernel module loaded?).

    On some installs I have seen that you cannot modprobe bridge.ko (it fails) because your list of dependencies is broken for some reason.

    Do this to restore a list of modules:

    sudo depmod

    Then try to modprobe bridge again

    modprobe bridge

    3.) If the bridge.ko is missing make sure you install the package for your kernel that contains the modules

    eg: linux-modules-extra-generic linux-modules

    After fixing everything, this should now work:

    brctl addbr br0


  • vi cannot copy and paste automatic visual mode solution


    See below in the screenshot that copy is disabled by visual mode which enables automatically:

    Fix it by setting this .vimrc option:

    echo "set mouse-=a" >> ~/.vimrc


  • python3 error Ubuntu Linux error solution SyntaxError: invalid syntax line 12 pip{sys.version_info.major}


    This sort of thing normally happens your python3 or pip3 has been updated, because you have to in order to use pip, but the newer pip now breaks compatibility with your old python (3.5 in this case).

    There are a few solutions, the easiest is perhaps to upgrade to a newer OS with a newer distro provided Python 3 or to manually install a newer version of Python/OR use a PPA like deadsnakes that provides newer versions.

     

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "/usr/bin/pip3", line 11, in
        sys.exit(main())
      File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 11, in main
        from pip._internal.utils.entrypoints import _wrapper
      File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/utils/entrypoints.py", line 12
        f"pip{sys.version_info.major}",
                                     ^
    SyntaxError: invalid syntax


  • Could not read response to hello message from hook [ ! -f /usr/bin/snap ] || /usr/bin/snap advise-snap --from-apt 2>/dev/null || true: Connection reset by peer


    You may have a broken apt configure that calls for snap (which is not installed if you get the error below):

    apt install coreutils

    Reading state information... Done
    E: Could not read response to hello message from hook [ ! -f /usr/bin/snap ] || /usr/bin/snap advise-snap --from-apt 2>/dev/null || true: Connection reset by peer
    E: Could not read message separator line after handshake from [ ! -f /usr/bin/snap ] || /usr/bin/snap advise-snap --from-apt 2>/dev/null || true: Connection reset by peer
    E: Could not read response to hello message from hook [ ! -f /usr/bin/snap ] || /usr/bin/snap advise-snap --from-apt 2>/dev/null || true: Connection reset by peer
    E: Could not read message separator line after handshake from [ ! -f /usr/bin/snap ] || /usr/bin/snap advise-snap --from-apt 2>/dev/null || true: Connection reset by peer

    Remove the 20snapd.conf profile:

    mv /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20snapd.conf ~
     


  • -bash: expr: command not found Linux Debian Mint Ubuntu


    If you get this error, it's usually because you don't have coreutils installed.

    -bash: expr: command not found

    Install coreutils and you'll be good:

    apt-get -y install coreutils


  • How to remove metadata from pdf on Linux Ubuntu


    Install exiftool:

    apt install exiftool

    Remove the metadata from "thefile.pdf":

    exiftool -all= thefile.pdf


    Warning: [minor] ExifTool PDF edits are reversible. Deleted tags may be recovered! - thefile.pdf
        1 image files updated

     

    Metadata, in the context of PDFs, refers to a set of data that describes and gives information about other data. Essentially, it's data about the PDF that isn't necessarily visible when you open the document but can be extracted using specific tools or software. This might include information such as the author, document properties, editing history, and even comments.

    Here are some of the benefits and security reasons to consider removing metadata from a PDF:

    1. Privacy Protection: Metadata can contain personal information, such as the document's author, the software used to create it, and the system or computer on which it was created. By removing this information, you can protect your privacy, especially if the PDF will be shared publicly.

    2. Confidentiality: In a corporate environment, metadata might reveal details about internal processes, review workflows, or internal comments. This could provide competitors with unintended insights.

    3. Professionalism: Stray comments, annotations, or previous versions of the document can look unprofessional if unintentionally shared. Clean PDFs without unnecessary metadata present a more polished image.

    4. Reduces File Size: Metadata, especially when accumulated over time or with embedded comments and annotations, can add to the file size. By removing unnecessary metadata, the PDF might become smaller and easier to share or upload.

    5. Protect Intellectual Property: Metadata might reveal how a document was created, who worked on it, and other insights that could be of value to competitors or adversaries.

    6. Avoid Accidental Disclosure: In legal settings, it's imperative not to disclose more than intended. Metadata can sometimes contain privileged or confidential information that isn't meant for the opposing counsel or the public.

    7. Mitigate Security Risks: Some metadata, especially if embedded with links or scripts, can be a vector for security vulnerabilities. Cleaning up a PDF can be part of a broader strategy to maintain cybersecurity hygiene.

    8. Standardization: For organizations that deal with a large volume of documents, standardizing the process of cleaning up metadata can ensure that all shared documents meet a consistent standard of privacy and professionalism.

    9. Avoid Digital Footprints: If you're a researcher, activist, or anyone concerned about leaving a digital footprint, removing metadata is essential. It ensures that the origins of a document and its path of creation and modification remain hidden.

    10. Regulatory Compliance: Certain industries or sectors have stringent rules about data protection and privacy. In some cases, it might be a regulatory requirement to strip metadata from documents before sharing.

     


  • How to install and configure haproxy on Linux Ubuntu Debian


    haproxy is one of the best known and widely used Open Source load balancers out there and a strong competitor to nginx.  

    haproxy is used by many large sites per Wikipedia:

    HAProxy is used by a number of high-profile websites including GoDaddy, GitHub, Bitbucket,[6] Stack Overflow,[7] Reddit, Slack,[8] Speedtest.net, Tumblr, Twitter[9][10] and Tuenti[11] and is used in the OpsWorks product from Amazon Web Services.[12]

     

    According to some stats data haproxy is even more popular than the AWS Elastic Load Balancer:

     

    Step 1 - Install

    apt install haproxy
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree       
    Reading state information... Done
    The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
      acl ebtables galera-3 git git-man iproute2 less libatm1 libconfig-inifiles-perl libdbd-mysql-perl libdbi-perl liberror-perl libjemalloc1 liblzo2-2 libuv1 lsof
      mariadb-common netcat netcat-traditional patch pigz runc socat squashfs-tools ubuntu-fan xdelta3
    Use 'apt autoremove' to remove them.
    Suggested packages:
      vim-haproxy haproxy-doc
    The following NEW packages will be installed:
      haproxy
    0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 34 not upgraded.
    Need to get 1116 kB of archives.
    After this operation, 2374 kB of additional disk space will be used.
    Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 haproxy amd64 1.8.8-1ubuntu0.13 [1116 kB]
    Fetched 1116 kB in 2s (657 kB/s)  
    perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
    perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
        LANGUAGE = (unset),
        LC_ALL = (unset),
        LANG = "C.UTF-8"
        are supported and installed on your system.
    perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
    locale: Cannot set LC_CTYPE to default locale: No such file or directory
    locale: Cannot set LC_MESSAGES to default locale: No such file or directory
    locale: Cannot set LC_ALL to default locale: No such file or directory
    Selecting previously unselected package haproxy.
    (Reading database ... 20143 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../haproxy_1.8.8-1ubuntu0.13_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking haproxy (1.8.8-1ubuntu0.13) ...
    Setting up haproxy (1.8.8-1ubuntu0.13) ...
    Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/haproxy.service → /lib/systemd/system/haproxy.service.
    invoke-rc.d: could not determine current runlevel
    invoke-rc.d: WARNING: No init system and policy-rc.d missing! Defaulting to block.
    Processing triggers for systemd (237-3ubuntu10.57) ...
     

    Step 2 - Configure haproxy.cfg file


    vi /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg

    Here is how the defaults of haproxy.cfg look:

    global
            log /dev/log    local0
            log /dev/log    local1 notice
            chroot /var/lib/haproxy
            stats socket /run/haproxy/admin.sock mode 660 level admin expose-fd listeners
            stats timeout 30s
            user haproxy
            group haproxy
            daemon

            # Default SSL material locations
            ca-base /etc/ssl/certs
            crt-base /etc/ssl/private

            # Default ciphers to use on SSL-enabled listening sockets.
            # For more information, see ciphers(1SSL). This list is from:
            #  https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
            # An alternative list with additional directives can be obtained from
            #  https://mozilla.github.io/server-side-tls/ssl-config-generator/?server=haproxy
            ssl-default-bind-ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:!aNULL:!MD5:!DSS
            ssl-default-bind-options no-sslv3

    defaults
            log     global
            mode    http
            option  httplog
            option  dontlognull
            timeout connect 5000
            timeout client  50000
            timeout server  50000
            errorfile 400 /etc/haproxy/errors/400.http
            errorfile 403 /etc/haproxy/errors/403.http
            errorfile 408 /etc/haproxy/errors/408.http
            errorfile 500 /etc/haproxy/errors/500.http
            errorfile 502 /etc/haproxy/errors/502.http
            errorfile 503 /etc/haproxy/errors/503.http
            errorfile 504 /etc/haproxy/errors/504.http

     

    More info about configuring haproxy from the authors.

     

    Let's add a frontend and backend

    At the moment the load balancer does nothing and essentially has no usable configuration.  We're going to add a frontend that listens on localhost and is bound to port 8080.

    The frontend itself is just the entry point for the user, the frontend is configured on a certain IP and port that we define and the next step is that we'll have to define a "backend" that is the actual source server (eg. our Apache running PHP or another application)

    Add this frontend and backend config to the end of haproxy.cfg

    frontend rttfrontend
      bind 0.0.0.0:8080
      default_backend rttbackendservers

    backend rttbackendservers
      server backendserver01 127.0.0.1:80

     cache rttcache
       # Total size of the cache in MB
       total-max-size 500

       # Max size of any single item in bytes
       max-object-size 100000

       # Time to live for each item in seconds
       # This can be overridden with a Cache-Control header
       max-age 3000

    This config allows you to scale out as much as you need, for example you could add dozens or hundreds of backend servers with different IPs and ports.

    You may also want to add the "check" option after each server so requests won't be sent to dead or overloaded servers:

    server rttbackendserver01 server.com:9000 check

    We can make it more like a CDN by enabling cache, so the backend servers don't need to be contacted if we have a cache hit:

    cache rttcache
       # Total size of the cache in MB
       total-max-size 500

       # Max size of any single item in bytes
       max-object-size 10000

       # Time to live for each item in seconds
       # This can be overridden with a Cache-Control header
       max-age 3000

     

    In older versions like 1.8, the max-object-size option does not exist.

    You'll find the cache doesn't work unless you set this option in your global config:

    tune.bufsize 9999999

    Here is an example of how much performance can be gained by using a caching frontend haproxy server:

    In our first example below the page in question has not been cached and has a TTFB of 0.486955 seconds and total load time of .677587 seconds.

    curl -k -o /dev/null -w "Connect: %{time_connect} TTFB: %{time_starttransfer} Total time: %{time_total} n" $site
      % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                     Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
    100 16413  100 16413    0     0  24243      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 24207
    Connect: 0.047765 TTFB: 0.486955 Total time: 0.677587

    Now after we loaded the site and it is in the cache notice the difference in performance:

    TTFB is now 0.090424 and total load time of .135752

    TTFB is now 5.38X faster and load time was 4.99X faster!

    curl -k -o /dev/null -w "Connect: %{time_connect} TTFB: %{time_starttransfer} Total time: %{time_total} n" $site
      % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                     Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
    100 16413  100 16413    0     0   118k      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  118k
    Connect: 0.044437 TTFB: 0.090424 Total time: 0.135752

     

    How To enable Stats
     

    By enabling stats we can check on things like how our cache is doing:

    Add this to the globa section:

        stats socket ipv4@127.0.0.1:9999 level admin
        stats socket /var/run/hapee-lb.sock mode 666 level admin
     

    You can echo commands via socat to see the status of things like you cache:

    echo "show cache" | socat stdio /var/run/hapee-lb.sock
    0x7f5f1ef9503a: rtt (shctx:0x7f5f1ef95000, available blocks:512000)
    0x7f5f1ef950ac hash:3598866029 size:16657 (17 blocks), refcount:0, expire:25695
     

    Here is a list of commands that can be sent:

    echo "help" | socat stdio /var/run/hapee-lb.sock
    Unknown command. Please enter one of the following commands only :
      help           : this message
      prompt         : toggle interactive mode with prompt
      quit           : disconnect
      show tls-keys [id|*]: show tls keys references or dump tls ticket keys when id specified
      set ssl tls-key [id|keyfile] <tlskey>: set the next TLS key for the <id> or <keyfile> listener to <tlskey>
      show errors    : report last request and response errors for each proxy
      disable agent  : disable agent checks (use 'set server' instead)
      disable health : disable health checks (use 'set server' instead)
      disable server : disable a server for maintenance (use 'set server' instead)
      enable agent   : enable agent checks (use 'set server' instead)
      enable health  : enable health checks (use 'set server' instead)
      enable server  : enable a disabled server (use 'set server' instead)
      set maxconn server : change a server's maxconn setting
      set server     : change a server's state, weight or address
      get weight     : report a server's current weight
      set weight     : change a server's weight (deprecated)
      show sess [id] : report the list of current sessions or dump this session
      shutdown session : kill a specific session
      shutdown sessions server : kill sessions on a server
      clear table    : remove an entry from a table
      set table [id] : update or create a table entry's data
      show table [id]: report table usage stats or dump this table's contents
      clear counters : clear max statistics counters (add 'all' for all counters)
      show info      : report information about the running process
      show stat      : report counters for each proxy and server
      show schema json : report schema used for stats
      show startup-logs : report logs emitted during HAProxy startup
      show resolvers [id]: dumps counters from all resolvers section and
                         associated name servers
      set maxconn global : change the per-process maxconn setting
      set rate-limit : change a rate limiting value
      set severity-output [none|number|string] : set presence of severity level in feedback information
      set timeout    : change a timeout setting
      show env [var] : dump environment variables known to the process
      show cli sockets : dump list of cli sockets
      show fd [num] : dump list of file descriptors in use
      show activity : show per-thread activity stats (for support/developers)
      disable frontend : temporarily disable specific frontend
      enable frontend : re-enable specific frontend
      set maxconn frontend : change a frontend's maxconn setting
      show servers state [id]: dump volatile server information (for backend <id>)
      show backend   : list backends in the current running config
      shutdown frontend : stop a specific frontend
      set dynamic-cookie-key backend : change a backend secret key for dynamic cookies
      enable dynamic-cookie backend : enable dynamic cookies on a specific backend
      disable dynamic-cookie backend : disable dynamic cookies on a specific backend
      show cache     : show cache status
      add acl        : add acl entry
      clear acl <id> : clear the content of this acl
      del acl        : delete acl entry
      get acl        : report the patterns matching a sample for an ACL
      show acl [id]  : report available acls or dump an acl's contents
      add map        : add map entry
      clear map <id> : clear the content of this map
      del map        : delete map entry
      get map        : report the keys and values matching a sample for a map
      set map        : modify map entry
      show map [id]  : report available maps or dump a map's contents
      show pools     : report information about the memory pools usage


  • Linux Ubuntu Mint Gnome keyboard Typing not working in certain application or window solution


    This is a weird issue in Mint Ubuntu gnome that I've only seen on one system.  It may happen in your terminal or your browser but one program will just refuse to allow input from the keyboard.  I am not sure if it's some weird fluke on a strange keyboard by perhaps accidentally hitting a weird key combination.
     

    1. In some windows the keyboard gets weird and only / and Esc seem to work.
    2. / brings up quick find and sometimes Esc will close it
    3. It seems like this is iBus's fault and closing it will fix it.

    The takeway and solution

    This seems to be because of the iBus language detector app that shows as your language in the panel eg. EN. After closing it the program with the issue was able to type and receive keyboard input again.


  • talib/_ta_lib.c:747:10: fatal error: ta-lib/ta_defs.h: No such file or directory


    If you are installing ta-lib for Python and get this error then you can normally solve it by manually getting the ta-lib source files and compiling.

    tar -zxvf ta-lib-0.4.0-src.tar.gz

    cd ta-lib;./configure;make;make install

     

    Collecting ta-lib
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/39/6f/6acaee2eac6afb2cc6a2adcb294080577f9983fbd2726395b9047c4e13ec/TA-Lib-0.4.26.tar.gz (272kB)
        100% |████████████████████████████████| 276kB 1.6MB/s
    Collecting numpy (from ta-lib)
      Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/45/b2/6c7545bb7a38754d63048c7696804a0d947328125d81bf12beaa692c3ae3/numpy-1.19.5-cp36-cp36m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl
    Building wheels for collected packages: ta-lib
      Running setup.py bdist_wheel for ta-lib ... error
      Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('rn', 'n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" bdist_wheel -d /tmp/tmp2lq2a7a3pip-wheel- --python-tag cp36:
      /tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/setup.py:77: UserWarning: Cannot find ta-lib library, installation may fail.
        warnings.warn('Cannot find ta-lib library, installation may fail.')
      running bdist_wheel
      running build
      running build_py
      creating build
      creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
      creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      copying talib/test_stream.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      copying talib/test_func.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      copying talib/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      copying talib/abstract.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      copying talib/test_polars.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      copying talib/stream.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      copying talib/test_pandas.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      copying talib/test_abstract.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      copying talib/deprecated.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      copying talib/test_data.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      running build_ext
      building 'talib._ta_lib' extension
      creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
      creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
      x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -I/opt/include -I/opt/local/include -I/opt/homebrew/include -I/opt/homebrew/opt/ta-lib/include -I/home/theuseruseruser/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c talib/_ta_lib.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib/_ta_lib.o
      talib/_ta_lib.c:747:10: fatal error: ta-lib/ta_defs.h: No such file or directory
       #include "ta-lib/ta_defs.h"
                ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      compilation terminated.
      error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
     
      ----------------------------------------
      Failed building wheel for ta-lib
      Running setup.py clean for ta-lib
    Failed to build ta-lib
    Installing collected packages: numpy, ta-lib
      Running setup.py install for ta-lib ... error
        Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('rn', 'n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-sczgom82-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --user --prefix=:
        /tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/setup.py:77: UserWarning: Cannot find ta-lib library, installation may fail.
          warnings.warn('Cannot find ta-lib library, installation may fail.')
        running install
        /home/theuseruseruser/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/setuptools/command/install.py:37: SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning: setup.py install is deprecated. Use build and pip and other standards-based tools.
          setuptools.SetuptoolsDeprecationWarning,
        running build
        running build_py
        creating build
        creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6
        creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        copying talib/test_stream.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        copying talib/test_func.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        copying talib/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        copying talib/abstract.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        copying talib/test_polars.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        copying talib/stream.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        copying talib/test_pandas.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        copying talib/test_abstract.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        copying talib/deprecated.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        copying talib/test_data.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        running build_ext
        building 'talib._ta_lib' extension
        creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6
        creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib
        x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/usr/include -I/usr/local/include -I/opt/include -I/opt/local/include -I/opt/homebrew/include -I/opt/homebrew/opt/ta-lib/include -I/home/theuseruseruser/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/include/python3.6m -c talib/_ta_lib.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.6/talib/_ta_lib.o
        talib/_ta_lib.c:747:10: fatal error: ta-lib/ta_defs.h: No such file or directory
         #include "ta-lib/ta_defs.h"
                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        compilation terminated.
        error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
        
        ----------------------------------------
    Command "/usr/bin/python3 -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('rn', 'n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-sczgom82-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --user --prefix=" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-9wklnwce/ta-lib/

     

     


  • How to install Windows or other OS and then bring to another computer by using a physical drive and Virtual Machine with QEMU


    This has been a tried and true method for Windows because it is finicky with hardware changes without a reinstall (eg BSOD on boot is what happens 9/10 times unless you move to the same hardwar).  Surprisingly, if you use a QEMU VM and do a standard install, it has worked in every system I've thrown the drive in afterwards.

    So the play is this, use a USB SSD, physical SATA drive plugged internally or for convenience, you could use a SATA to USB adapter on another computer to perform the install, before you move the actual drive to the destination computer (think of saving time and not having to go to another computer until the OS is installed or if you are building an image this way is easier than working with a physical machine initially).

    In this example the drive you plugged in that needs Windows is "/dev/sdj". 

    Just run this QEMU command, install normally and then bring the drive to the computer that needs to run it:

    qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -smp 8 -m 8096 -drive file=/dev/sdj -cdrom Win10_1607_English_x64.iso
     

    Change file=/dev/sdj to the dev of your drive and -cdrom to the .iso that you want to install from.


  • PXE-E23 Error BOOTx64.EFI GRUB booting is 0 bytes tftp pxe dhcp solution NBP filesize is 0 Bytes


    Be very careful about what filename you specify in dhcpd.conf if you get an error like this:

    NBP filesize is 0 Bytes PXE-E23: Client received TFTP error from server.

    If you specify "BOOTx64.efi" then the file had better not be called "BOOTx64.EFI" as it is case sensitive.  It's really a case of the file technically not existing.

    You can verify this by checking your tftp logs:

    routerOS in.tftpd[169277]: RRQ from 192.168.1.193 filename /BOOTx64.efi

    Then check the actual name of the file:
    BOOTx64.EFI  efi  EFI  grub.cfg  images  ldlinux.c32  libutil.c32  menu.c32  pxelinux.0  pxelinux.cfg  syslinux.efi

    Whoops .EFI != .efi so let's fix it and then we boot OK:

    mv BOOTx64.EFI BOOTx64.efi
     


  • vagrant install on Debian Mint Ubuntu Linux RHEL Quick Setup Guide Tutorial


    1 - Install Vagrant

    apt install vagrant

    Make sure you have a supported Virtualization tool like Virtualbox or VMWare, Hyper-V etc..  It automatically detects and uses what you have.  Virtualbox has a lot of support here with tons of images.

    2 - Init Vagrant

    We'll init to have a Debian 10 box by default to show how quick and easy it is.

    vagrant init generic/debian10


     

     

     

     

     

    Wait for it to complete.

     

     

     

    Now you can login and get testing.


  • RHEL 8 CentOS 8, Alma Linux 8, Rocky Linux 8 System Not Booting with RAID or on other servers/computers Solution for dracut and initramfs missing kernel modules


    This seems to have changed for RHEL 8 where a normal dracut to update your initramfs creates a system that only boots for the running kernel.  For example if you have Kernel 5 and then chroot into a RHEL 8 variant which uses kernel 4.18, and run dracut, it seems that by default the system will be unbootable.

    It is also the case that if you move your RAID array or drives to another server that it will be unbootable, because dracut seems to only include modules needed for the current running kernel or system.

    Take an example screen below, you'll see the dracut without -N which means --no-hostonly, is small and unbootable at 27M, at least in the circumstances that I describe (this issue does not seem to impact new Debian based installs).

    If you find that your system is unbootable after a migration or chroot install and have a small initramfs, it's worth a shot to rebuild it with -N.  Also consider that you should check and update the grub.cfg and /etc/fstab to make sure the correct UUIDs are used and present.

    You'll see the second example with -N produces an 89M initramfs which is essentially a rescue image that contains all possible kernel modules, which means it supports all possible devices, which is what we want.  I don't see why it's important to save 62M of space at the expense of the OS being unbootable.

     


  • How to Upgrade to Debian 11 from Version 8,9,10


    This likely works for even older versions but I have only tested on 8,9,10 (11,12).  It's quite impressive at how easy it is to upgrade from a very old version to the new version.  I would say that Debian version upgrades are some of the quickest and smoothest of any distro.

    1.) Backup your /etc/apt/sources.list

    cp /etc/apt/sources.list ~

    #Get your keys first, you need the latest keys for Debian 11 or it won't work:

    wget -P /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d https://ftp-master.debian.org/keys/archive-key-11-security.asc

    wget -P /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d https://ftp-master.debian.org/keys/archive-key-11.asc

    How To Upgrade to Debian 11 Bullseye

    Edit your /etc/apt/sources.list like this:

    deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main
    deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main

    deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main
    deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main

    deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main
    deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main


    2.) Update to Debian

    apt update

    apt dist-upgrade

    3.) Reboot

    After this reboot into the upgraded OS and new kernel that came with it.

     

     

     


  • Ubuntu Linux Mint Debian Redhat Cannot View Files on Android iPhone USB File Transfer Not Working Solution


    If you plugin your phone to your computer and enable USB File Transfer/Allow on the phone side but the contents of your phone on the computer side are empty in the file manager, you probably don't have mtp-tools.  MTP or media transfer protocol is the standard protocol that most phones use to communicate over USB to the computer.

    Just do this to fix it and get access to your files:

    apt install mtp-tools

    After that you should be able to access the internal storage of your Apple/Android phone, but you may need to reconnect the phone first.


  • Virtualbox Best Networking Mode In Lab/Work Environment without using NAT Network or Bridged


    Virtualbox is a very powerful tool, but for some use cases it is less than optimal.

    Say you are in a work, lab or other environment where you are not alone on the physical network and there could be overlap of IPs, but you need all of your VMs to be contactable from your host, VMs need to communicate with each other, and VMs need internet.

    NAT Network will give you VM to VM communication and internet, however, it is buggy and unstable.  It also doesn't allow host to VM communication without manual port forwarding.

    NAT will give you internet only but no internet VM communication and the host cannot access these VMs without port forwarding

    Bridged mode is the natural solution but this is undesirable in a shared environment, eg at work, in the class or anywhere you are testing or developing since this puts the VMs directly on the LAN with an IP from the LAN and becomes accessible by other machines/users on the LAN.

     

    The Host Only Networking Solution

    Host only networking is exactly as it sounds, however, we can do a few quick hacks on our host system to make this work perfectly for us.  By default you should have a vboxnet0 device adapter which will probably be assigned 192.168.56.1

    As it is now, vboxnet0 allows VMs to communicate and your host to communicate with them but they have no internet at all because there is no gateway or DNS provided by the DHCP and your host does not route IPs in that range.  This is probably undesirable unless it is for security or forensics.

    All we need to do is get our own DNS running on vboxnet0 and route the 192.168.56.0/24 range through our host machine's internet connection via NAT. 

    Step 1 - Enable IP Forwarding + Routing

    Disable systemd-resolved

    This is a local listener on port 53 that will break DNSMasq.

    systemctl disable systemd-resolved

    #remember to stop it too!

    systemctl stop systemd-resolved

    You should manually enter your DNS into /etc/resolv.conf at this point.

    #delete /etc/resolv.conf to be sure

    rm /etc/resolv.conf

    echo "nameserver 208.67.222.222" > /etc/resolv.conf

    echo "nameserver 8.8.8.8" >> /etc/resolv.conf

    **If you are using NetworkManager you need to disable DNS or it will break your /etc/resolv.conf on each restart

    sed -i s/'[main]'/'[main]ndns=none'/ /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf

    Install iptables if you don't have it already:

    iptables-persistent will make sure the rules load on each reboot

    sudo apt-get install iptables-persistent

    Edit /etc/sysctl.conf

    net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

    Enable the change

    sysctl -p

     


    Install iptables if you don't already have it and add these rules:


    iptables -I INPUT -i vboxnet0 -j ACCEPT
    iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.56.0/24 -j MASQUERADE

    #save the iptables rules

    iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4

    Step 2 - Delete the hostonly DHCP server

    The host only DHCP server has no possibility of being modified to provide a gateway or DNS which is what we probably want.  If you don't want that then you can skip the next steps.  Eg. if you want to statically assign your IP, gateway and DNS then you can stop here actually.

    List the DHCP servers (find the name of our DHCP server for the host only)

    VBoxManage list dhcpservers
    NetworkName:    HostInterfaceNetworking-vboxnet0
    Dhcpd IP:       192.168.56.100
    LowerIPAddress: 192.168.56.101
    UpperIPAddress: 192.168.56.254
    NetworkMask:    255.255.255.0
    Enabled:        Yes
    Global Configuration:
        minLeaseTime:     default
        defaultLeaseTime: default
        maxLeaseTime:     default
        Forced options:   None
        Suppressed opts.: None
            1/legacy: 255.255.255.0
    Groups:               None
    Individual Configs:   None
     

    Setup Our Host-Only Network

    You could also just use the GUI under File -> Host Network Manager to do this.  Make sure that "Enable" under  DHCP Server is unchecked.

     

    If you don't have one then create one by clicking "Create".  Then assign the Host-only network to a VM.

     

     

     

     

    #I don't recommend trying to remove it, all that seemed to happen is it stopped showing any of the DHCP servers but they kept working and were re-enabled and recreated after a restart of vbox


    VBoxManage dhcpserver remove --network=HostInterfaceNetworking-vboxnet0



    Step 3 - Enable DNS


    apt install dnsmasq
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree       
    Reading state information... Done
    Suggested packages:
      resolvconf
    The following NEW packages will be installed:
      dnsmasq
    0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 587 not upgraded.
    Need to get 16.5 kB of archives.
    After this operation, 75.8 kB of additional disk space will be used.
    Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 dnsmasq all 2.80-1.1ubuntu1.6 [16.5 kB]
    Fetched 16.5 kB in 0s (44.9 kB/s)  
    Selecting previously unselected package dnsmasq.
    (Reading database ... 467267 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../dnsmasq_2.80-1.1ubuntu1.6_all.deb ...
    Unpacking dnsmasq (2.80-1.1ubuntu1.6) ...
    Setting up dnsmasq (2.80-1.1ubuntu1.6) ...
    Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/dnsmasq.service → /lib/systemd/system/dnsmasq.service.
    Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.19) ...


    Set the relevant options


    #We set the gateway as being our vboxnet0 IP of 192.168.56.1
    echo "dhcp-option=option:router,192.168.56.1" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf


    #We set the DNS server as 192.168.56.1 (change if you need)

    echo "dhcp-option=option:dns-server,192.168.56.1" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf

    #We set the range of .2 to .150 (change as you need).  It is nice to have some unused IPs in case you want to set your own static IPs
    echo "dhcp-range=192.168.56.2,192.168.56.150,12h" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf

    # Set the interface to be vboxnet0 as we don't want this to be giving out IPs on the LAN!
    echo "interface=vboxnet0" >> /etc/dnsmasq.conf

    Restart dnsmasq to enable the changes above

    systemctl restart dnsmasq

    #enable dnsmasq on start otherwise DNS and DHCP won't work

    systemctl enable dnsmasq

    Restart virtualbox to apply our DNS server changes

    #this normally won't work so it is best to reboot the machine or you'll probably still find that the vbox DHCP server is being used despite us having disabled it

    systemctl restart virtualbox



    Final Setup Steps
     

    One issue in all of this is the fact that DNSMasq will not start when it tries to bind to interface vboxnet0 because it isn't created by VBox until a VM with the host-only network starts.

    You will want a script that does this when you login or when the system boots:

    #this command will create the hostonly interface vboxnet0 and then assign the proper IP to it and put it up

    VBoxManage hostonlyif create

    ifconfig vboxnet0 192.168.56.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

    # this command restarts dnsmasq as it will initially fail without vboxnet0 being present

    systemctl restart dnsmasq

    One other lazy thing you could do is put this in a cronjob that runs each minute (as root).

    */1 * * * * /usr/bin/systemctl restart dnsmasq

     
     

     

     


  • debootstrap how to install Ubuntu, Mint, Debian install


     

    In this example we install debian 10 with --variant=minbase which gives us a minimal/tiny install.  Don't use variant if you want the full size install.


    mkdir /tmp/deb10files
    debootstrap --variant=minbase buster /tmp/deb10files/

    Did you get an error?

    debootstrap --variant=minbase buster /home/theuser/VMs/deb10files/
     

    You'll get this error if you make a directory in your home directory, it's best to make it somewhere in /tmp or elsewhere.

    /usr/sbin/debootstrap: 1609: cannot create /home/theuser/VMs/deb10files/test-dev-null: Permission denied
    E: Cannot install into target '/home/theuser/VMs/deb10files' mounted with noexec or nodev

     


    I: Keyring file not available at /usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg; switching to https mirror https://deb.debian.org/debian
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    I: Extracting libblkid1...
    I: Extracting libfdisk1...
    I: Extracting libmount1...
    I: Extracting libsmartcols1...
    I: Extracting libuuid1...
    I: Extracting mount...
    I: Extracting util-linux...
    I: Extracting liblzma5...
    I: Extracting zlib1g...
    I: Installing core packages...
    I: Unpacking required packages...
    I: Unpacking libacl1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking adduser...
    I: Unpacking apt...
    I: Unpacking libapt-pkg5.0:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libattr1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libaudit-common...
    I: Unpacking libaudit1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking base-files...
    I: Unpacking base-passwd...
    I: Unpacking bash...
    I: Unpacking libbz2-1.0:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libdebconfclient0:amd64...
    I: Unpacking coreutils...
    I: Unpacking dash...
    I: Unpacking libdb5.3:amd64...
    I: Unpacking debconf...
    I: Unpacking debian-archive-keyring...
    I: Unpacking debianutils...
    I: Unpacking diffutils...
    I: Unpacking dpkg...
    I: Unpacking e2fsprogs...
    I: Unpacking libcom-err2:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libext2fs2:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libss2:amd64...
    I: Unpacking findutils...
    I: Unpacking gcc-8-base:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libgcc1:amd64...debootstrap --variant=minbase buster /home/theuser/VMs/deb10files/
    I: Unpacking libstdc++6:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libc-bin...
    I: Unpacking libc6:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libgmp10:amd64...
    I: Unpacking gpgv...
    I: Unpacking libgnutls30:amd64...
    I: Unpacking grep...
    I: Unpacking gzip...
    I: Unpacking hostname...
    I: Unpacking init-system-helpers...
    I: Unpacking libcap-ng0:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libffi6:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libgcrypt20:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libgpg-error0:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libidn2-0:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libseccomp2:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libselinux1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libsemanage-common...
    I: Unpacking libsemanage1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libsepol1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libtasn1-6:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libunistring2:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libzstd1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking liblz4-1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking mawk...
    I: Unpacking libncursesw6:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libtinfo6:amd64...
    I: Unpacking ncurses-base...
    I: Unpacking ncurses-bin...
    I: Unpacking libhogweed4:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libnettle6:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libp11-kit0:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libpam-modules:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libpam-modules-bin...
    I: Unpacking libpam-runtime...
    I: Unpacking libpam0g:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libpcre3:amd64...
    I: Unpacking perl-base...
    I: Unpacking sed...
    I: Unpacking login...
    I: Unpacking passwd...
    I: Unpacking libsystemd0:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libudev1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking sysvinit-utils...
    I: Unpacking tar...
    I: Unpacking tzdata...
    I: Unpacking bsdutils...
    I: Unpacking fdisk...
    I: Unpacking libblkid1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libfdisk1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libmount1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libsmartcols1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking libuuid1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking mount...
    I: Unpacking util-linux...
    I: Unpacking liblzma5:amd64...
    I: Unpacking zlib1g:amd64...
    I: Configuring required packages...
    I: Configuring debian-archive-keyring...
    I: Configuring libaudit-common...
    I: Configuring libsemanage-common...
    I: Configuring ncurses-base...
    I: Configuring gcc-8-base:amd64...
    I: Configuring libc6:amd64...
    I: Configuring libudev1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libsepol1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libattr1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libtasn1-6:amd64...
    I: Configuring debianutils...
    I: Configuring mawk...
    I: Configuring libdebconfclient0:amd64...
    I: Configuring base-files...
    I: Configuring libbz2-1.0:amd64...
    I: Configuring base-passwd...
    I: Configuring libdb5.3:amd64...
    I: Configuring libtinfo6:amd64...
    I: Configuring bash...
    I: Configuring libzstd1:amd64...
    I: Configuring liblzma5:amd64...
    I: Configuring libgpg-error0:amd64...
    I: Configuring libgcc1:amd64...
    I: Configuring liblz4-1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libc-bin...
    I: Configuring ncurses-bin...
    I: Configuring libacl1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libunistring2:amd64...
    I: Configuring libsmartcols1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libgcrypt20:amd64...
    I: Configuring zlib1g:amd64...
    I: Configuring libffi6:amd64...
    I: Configuring libidn2-0:amd64...
    I: Configuring libcom-err2:amd64...
    I: Configuring diffutils...
    I: Configuring libseccomp2:amd64...
    I: Configuring libsystemd0:amd64...
    I: Configuring hostname...
    I: Configuring libpcre3:amd64...
    I: Configuring libcap-ng0:amd64...
    I: Configuring libext2fs2:amd64...
    I: Configuring libgmp10:amd64...
    I: Configuring libp11-kit0:amd64...
    I: Configuring libaudit1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libuuid1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libss2:amd64...
    I: Configuring libncursesw6:amd64...
    I: Configuring libnettle6:amd64...
    I: Configuring gpgv...
    I: Configuring libblkid1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libstdc++6:amd64...
    I: Configuring bsdutils...
    I: Configuring libhogweed4:amd64...
    I: Configuring e2fsprogs...
    I: Configuring libselinux1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libgnutls30:amd64...
    I: Configuring sed...
    I: Configuring libfdisk1:amd64...
    I: Configuring findutils...
    I: Configuring libmount1:amd64...
    I: Configuring libapt-pkg5.0:amd64...
    I: Configuring libsemanage1:amd64...
    I: Configuring tar...
    I: Configuring coreutils...
    I: Configuring fdisk...
    I: Configuring dpkg...
    I: Configuring grep...
    I: Configuring perl-base...
    I: Configuring init-system-helpers...
    I: Configuring gzip...
    I: Configuring debconf...
    I: Configuring tzdata...
    I: Configuring libpam0g:amd64...
    I: Configuring dash...
    I: Configuring libpam-modules-bin...
    I: Configuring libpam-modules:amd64...
    I: Configuring passwd...
    I: Configuring libpam-runtime...
    I: Configuring login...
    I: Configuring adduser...
    I: Configuring apt...
    I: Configuring util-linux...
    I: Configuring mount...
    I: Configuring sysvinit-utils...
    I: Configuring libc-bin...
    I: Unpacking the base system...
    I: Unpacking ca-certificates...
    I: Unpacking libssl1.1:amd64...
    I: Unpacking openssl...
    I: Configuring the base system...
    I: Configuring libssl1.1:amd64...
    I: Configuring openssl...
    I: Configuring ca-certificates...
    I: Configuring libc-bin...
    I: Configuring ca-certificates...
    I: Base system installed successfully.

    We can see the install was only 204M


    root@thebox:/deb10files# du -hs /deb10files/
    204M    /deb10files/



     


  • Linux grub not using UUID for the root device instead it uses /dev/sda1 or other device name solution


    You can read lots of posts about this issue but there is not much information about why this is the case or how grub determines the root= device name.  Some even suggest modifying grub.cfg manually which is a disaster as the next kernel update will cause grub to revert back to the device name.

    For most people this won't be an issue but those using template system, automated deployments and working in embedded may run into this issue with custom embedded and created minimal kernels/environments.

    By default, grub will WANT or TRY to use the UUID as the root device, UNLESS in /etc/default/grub you enable the feature of GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true (usually it is not there at all or it is just commented out).

    Then there is /etc/grub.d which scripts are called when you run update grub.  The one we really care about is the 10_linux file.

    It doesn't matter if your fstab is updated to use UUID, this script doesn't care about fstab or the current root filesystem.

    What it does is look for entries in /dev/disk/by-uuid and if it finds a UUID for the root device it will assign it like normal eg. root=UUID=theUUIDhere

    /dev/disk/by-uuid is really just a series of UUIDs in that directory that are symlinked to their actual device name, this is how the grub 10_linux script associates the UUID to the root device and sets up the root=UUID. 

    However, if it does not find a UUID entry in /dev/disk/by-uuid then it falls back to using the actual raw device name whether it be /dev/md2 or /dev/sda1 or /dev/vda1 etc...

     


  • How To Restore Partition Table on Running Linux Mint Ubuntu Debian Machine


    Here is an easy way to restore things if you have the starting point and size of each partition using fdisk:

    In this example we pretend that /dev/sda was wiped out, but the running system still has the info in /sys/class/block/sda

    Go into each partition and record the "start" and "size"

    hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda/sda1 $ cat start
    2048
    hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda/sda1 $ cat size
    2097152


    hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda $ cat sda2/start
    2099200
    hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda $ cat sda2/size
    62914560


    hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda $ cat sda3/start
    65013760
    hostdev@box /sys/class/block/sda $ cat sda3/size
    520923740

    Now create the same 3 partitions at the same starting point and with the same size using fdisk:


    Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.34).
    Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
    Be careful before using the write command.

    Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
    Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x8e7672df.

    Command (m for help): n
    Partition type
       p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
       e   extended (container for logical partitions)
    Select (default p):

    Using default response p.
    Partition number (1-4, default 1):
    First sector (2048-585524838, default 2048): 2048
    Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-585524838, default 585524838): 2097152

    Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1023 MiB.

    Command (m for help): n
    Partition type
       p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
       e   extended (container for logical partitions)
    Select (default p):

    Using default response p.
    Partition number (2-4, default 2):
    First sector (2097153-585524838, default 2099200): 2099200
    Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-585524838, default 585524838): 62914560

    Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 29 GiB.

    Command (m for help): n
    Partition type
       p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
       e   extended (container for logical partitions)
    Select (default p):

    Using default response p.
    Partition number (3,4, default 3): 65013760
    Value out of range.
    Partition number (3,4, default 3):
    First sector (2097153-585524838, default 62916608): 65013760
    Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (65013760-585524838, default 585524838): 520923740

    Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 217.4 GiB.


  • Debian Ubuntu apt install stop daemon questions/accept the default action without prompting


    This can be a real pain when automating things and you do an apt install and some packages ask a lot of questions.

    Make sure you set this variable when running:

    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive

    Remember as well that if chrooting you will want to run like this:

    DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt install -y yourpackagename

     


  • iptables NAT how to enable PPTP in newer Debian/Ubuntu/Mint Kernels Linux


    Remember that control connections are established on port 1723 and then actual data is transferred over GRE protocol 47.

    If you have a NAT setup this will work without special forwarding or accepting of GRE packets (normally if you are not blocking outgoing connections and accepting established and related connections).

    The below two commands will get things going so PPTP and GRE work

    We first load the ip_nat_pptp module which allows PPTP to work with NAT and then we need to enable the connection tracking helper.

    modprobe ip_nat_pptp
    sysctl -w net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_helper=1
     


  • Grandstream Phone Vulnerability Security Issue Remote Backdoor Connection to 207.246.119.209:3478


    Have you checked your router/firewall logs and disconcertingly see connections to an unknown IP 207.246.119.209:3478 from your Grandstream VOIP phones?

    You're not alone and the Grandstream forums have discussed this issue.

    However, even their own staff do not seem to be aware or are not disclosing what this connection is.

    It is Grandstream's GDMS.cloud UCM Remote connect feature

    This is the establishment to the STUN server and you can find their list of servers/info here.

    It allows you to remotely provision and manage your devices and is enabled by default at least on later/newer firmware versions.  While this is a great feature and helpful for provisioning, it is still concerning since there is no obvious warning or disclosure on this when purchasing the phone.  It represents a huge tradeoff of security/privacy vs convenience.

    The concern is that Grandstream, the government and hackers could potentially compromise your phone, your calls and even your network is it is essentially a back door to your network despite being on a protected LAN and firewall.  Others share the same concern here: https://www.voip-info.org/forum/threads/grandstream-backdoor.24096/

     

    How To Disable The Remote 3478 Connection

    Under "Advanced Settings" -> Enable TR-069 disable it by setting to to "No" and then click "Apply".

     

    Manual Edit Cannot Disable

    You can remove the P8209 entry or make it null or change it, and upload the config file, but the firmware seems to just default back and re-enable the STUN server.  The only solution is to block any DNS lookups to that host and block all traffic to that UDP port.


  • Linux How to Check Which NIC is Onboard eth0 or eth1 Ubuntu Centos Debian Mint


    So say you happen to have 2 NICs of the exact same chipset, they will generally show up as the same name, with possibly a different revision in lspci.  Normally this is not an issue if you have a server with 4 NICs, generally the eth0 to eth3 appears from left to the right (or right to left on some vendors) so it doesn't take much figuring out.

    Generally if you have different chipsets for different NICs, it should be easy to know which one is eth0 or the first NIC in the OS.

    In our case below eth0 will be the 01:00.0 PCI device but this doesn't help since we don't know which one is the onboard one or which one is the second one plugged into the motherboard by PCI x4

    01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 15)
    02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 11)

    Solution Just use lscpi -v which will often reveal it in the DeviceName

    As you can see for the 02:00.0 device below, the DeviceName is "Onboard Realtek LAN".  This is important if you are creating a device that needs to be on different networks.  Also note that many often assume that the Onboard NIC will always be eth0 but in the case we show that the onboard NIC is eth1 and the add-on NIC was eth0 which is unexpected for some.

    01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 15)
        Subsystem: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. TP-Link TG-3468 v4.0 Gigabit PCI Express Network Adapter
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 16
        I/O ports at e000 [size=256]
        Memory at 81304000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
        Memory at 81300000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
        Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
        Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 01
        Capabilities: [b0] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=4 Masked-
        Capabilities: [d0] Vital Product Data
        Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
        Capabilities: [140] Virtual Channel
        Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number
        Capabilities: [170] Latency Tolerance Reporting
        Capabilities: [178] L1 PM Substates
        Kernel driver in use: r8169
        Kernel modules: r8169

    02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 11)
        DeviceName:  Onboard Realtek LAN
        Subsystem: Acer Incorporated [ALI] RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller
        Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 19
        I/O ports at d000 [size=256]
        Memory at 81200000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
        Memory at a0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
        Capabilities: [40] Power Management version 3
        Capabilities: [50] MSI: Enable- Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+
        Capabilities: [70] Express Endpoint, MSI 01
        Capabilities: [b0] MSI-X: Enable+ Count=4 Masked-
        Capabilities: [d0] Vital Product Data
        Capabilities: [100] Advanced Error Reporting
        Capabilities: [140] Virtual Channel
        Capabilities: [160] Device Serial Number
        Capabilities: [170] Latency Tolerance Reporting
        Kernel driver in use: r8169
        Kernel modules: r8169


  • VboxManage VirtualBox NAT Network Issues Managment Troubleshooting


    If you find your NAT Network is not working properly, the first thing you may want to do is list the networks, check their status and make sure the Network is actually started and configured as you expect (eg. is DHCP on and enabled?).

    This is a long known, unresolved bug that seems to affect Version 6 randomly and disportionately on especially Mint 20/Ubuntu 18.

    https://www.virtualbox.org/ticket/14748?cversion=0&cnum_hist=8

    If the below doesn't help or work the best course of action is to power off the VMs, create a new Nat Network and assign the new Nat Network to the VMs and that normally fixes it.

     

    List NAT Networks:

    VBoxManage natnetwork list
    NAT Networks:

    Name:        NatNetwork1
    Network:     10.10.10.0/24
    Gateway:     10.10.10.1
    IPv6:        No
    Enabled:     Yes

    1 network found

    Start NAT Network:

    VBoxManage natnetwork       start --netname

    Stop NAT Network:

    VBoxManage natnetwork       stop --netname
     

    Create NAT Network:

    VBoxManage natnetwork       add --netname
                                --network
                                [--enable|--disable]
                                [--dhcp on|off]
                                [--port-forward-4 ]
                                [--loopback-4 ]
                                [--ipv6 on|off]
                                [--port-forward-6 ]
                                [--loopback-6 ]

    Delete NAT Network

    VBoxManage natnetwork       remove --netname

    Make changes to NAT Network

     

    VBoxManage natnetwork       modify --netname
                                [--network ]
                                [--enable|--disable]
                                [--dhcp on|off]
                                [--port-forward-4 ]
                                [--loopback-4 ]
                                [--ipv6 on|off]
                                [--port-forward-6 ]
                                [--loopback-6 ]
     

    https://docs.oracle.com/en/virtualization/virtualbox/6.0/user/vboxmanage-natnetwork.html


  • Dell PowerEdge Server iDRAC Remote KVM/IP Default Username, Password Reset and Login Information Solution


    Are you new to the company, datacenter or a third party who is responsible for deploying a fleet of servers from scratch.

    The first step is to normally login to the KVM so you can perhaps manually reinstall, PXE boot the Cloud Image or reimage/reinstall an OS but you need access to the KVM/IP or what Dell calls iDRAC.

    It's common that you may have forgotten this information or that another employee or colleague has changed the info and did not tell you, that they have left the company/project and no ones knows it.

    Default Dell iDRAC Login Information

    The default user information is normally as follows per Dell.

    username: root

    password: calvin

    We can assume that calvin was someone important to the devs or perhaps one of them!

     

    How To Reset the Dell iDRAC Password

    You'll need physical direct access or someone with it (eg. your favorite datacenter technician) OR if you have a separate KVM/IP solution that is literally plugged into the VGA and USB, giving you remote access without needing iDRAC.

    1.) This varies by server model but the general process is to power on or reboot the server and smash F2 until you get into the BIOS/SETUP

    2.) Navigate to the iDRAC Settings -

    3.) At this point you can either default everything which wil restore the default root/calvin login information or you can go to "User Settings" and change the username and password.

    *Also be sure that the user is set to "Enabled" and not "Disabled"

    4.) Save the settings, and click the "Finish" Button in iDRAC config and then click on Exit to leave the BIOS and restart.

    After this the new password should be active and enabled.

    Reset Password Didn't Work and You Can't Login to DRAC still?

    Make sure you did Step #4 above

    RAC0212: Login failed. Verify that username and password is correct.

    If in doubt just reset to defaults and be sure the network settings are as you want them (eg. DHCP or Static).


  • Nvidia Tesla GPUs K40/K80/M40/P40/P100/V100 at home/desktop hacking, cooling, powering, cable solutions Tutorial AIO Solutions


    Do you have access to some old Tesla GPUs and want to try them at home in your Desktop or old Server?  Some people have wanted to try these units for gaming but keep in mind they have no video out port, they were only meant for AI applications such as Deep Learning.

    The easiest way by far is to choose an AI service that has everything ready to go, perhaps with a bunch of Docker or Kubernetes containers.  This can be done with Cloud services like Google, Amazon and many others, but the costs can be extremely high as in some cases, several times higher than using your own on-premise hardware, renting your own servers, or colocating your own servers.

    In terms of learning or simply testing or trying to build your own development environment/test neural network setup this may be the way to go if you are experienced in building computers/modding/working on servers.

    Why use GPU instead of CPU?

    In general because even high-end CPUs cannot deliver the same performance for the dollar.

    Check this comparison benchmark Ryzen CPU vs Nvidia GPU.

     

    Issues with Tesla GPUs outside of their native habitat

    Motherboard

    Many older consumer grade motherboards, workstations and even servers may not work as you need PCI > 4GB 64-bit BAR support.

    Cooling

    "Native Habitat" generally means they were sold in custom built servers from vendors like HP, Dell, Supermicro where the actively cooling in the chassis would flow past the heatsinks in these models.  In plain English, these GPUs don't have their own cooling fans.

    Some people have started selling custom fan adapters that will take something like 40MM or 80MM fans that are held in place at the back of the card that blow into the heatsink (this basically replicates what a server would be doing).

    A ghetto way some have tried is to rip off the cover of the GPU, exposing the heatsink and then placing 2 fans directly alongside which has also been proven to work.

    Power Supply

    You need a strong enough power supply as most of these cards require 250W capability.  Some of the Tesla cards used custom EPS12V to power these.

    If you are trying to use these cards in another server, you'll need to make sure that you have a riser or power output that is powerful enough.  You'll also have to be very careful not to short out the card or server, as many of the riser's have non-standard power and many of the adapter cables you may could be incorrect.

    If in doubt it may be easier to get a model that uses standard PCI-e power connections.

     

    List of GPUs by their power connector type:

    Click on model name link for full Nvidia official spec PDF.

    Nvidia Tesla GPU Name Power Connector Memory (GB) Base Clock Memory Clock Notes Benchmark
    K20 PCI-E 8PIN + 6PIN  5GB        
    K20X PCI-E 8PIN + 6PIN  6GB        
    K40 PCI-E 8PIN + 6PIN 12GB        
    K80 EPS-12V 8PIN 24GB     This is really 2 x K40 so you really have 2 x 12GB cards and not a single 24GB to use.  
    M40 EPS-12V 8PIN 12GB/24GB       10194
    P40 EPS-12V 8PIN 24GB       16864
                 
                 
                 

    Which Systems/Motherboards/Servers are Supported?

    Remember again it's not only a power and physical space issue but your motherboard must support > 4GB BAR which MANY do not.

    Nvidia list: https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/news/geforce-rtx-30-series-resizable-bar-support/

    Desktop CPU and Chipset Support

     
    AMD Chipsets
    AMD 400 Series (on motherboards with AMD Zen 3 Ryzen 5xxx CPU support)
    AMD 500 Series
    AMD CPUs
    AMD Zen 3 CPUs Ryzen 3 5xxx Ryzen 5 5xxx Ryzen 7 5xxx Ryzen 9 5xxx
    Intel Chipsets
    Intel 10th Gen Z490 H470 B460 H410
    Intel 11th Gen S All 11th Gen chipsets available as of March 30th, 2021
    Intel CPUs
    Intel 10th Gen Intel 11th Gen S-Series
    i9-10xxx CPUs i9-11xxx CPUs
    i7-10xxx CPUs i7-11xxx CPUs
    i5-10xxx CPUs i5-11xxx CPUs
    i3-10xxx CPUs  

    Motherboard Support

    NVIDIA is working with motherboard manufacturers around the world to bring Resizable BAR support to compatible products. As of March 30th, 2021, the following manufacturers are offering SBIOS updates for select motherboards to enable Resizable BAR with GeForce RTX 30 Series desktop graphics cards:

     
    Motherboard Manufacturers Supporting Resizable BAR
    ASUS ASRock COLORFUL EVGA GIGABYTE MSI

     

    This is a compilation of comments taken from the internet, I have not personally tested all of these combinations so use at your own risk.  Normally when they say supported, it means you'll still have to handle the cooling on your own.  Also keep in mind that many different workstations and servers may have power supply options.  One person may have said ABC System works but had the upgraded higher wattage power supply over standard so always double check these items.

    Remember to also make sure you have the appropriate power connections/adapter cables.

    According to some threads/forums:

    HP Z620, Z440, Z640, Z820, Z840

    Dell R720 Server

    Supermicro CSE-118 /2027GR-TRFT/ 1027GR-TSF  Chassis with a motherboard like:

    Supermicro  X10SRG-F

    Supermicro X9DRG

    Some say the X99 chipset often works for the Tesla's including some MSI boards.

    Another way is if you can find something like "Above 4G Decoding" as a BIOS option you should be OK.

    https://www.supermicro.com/en/support/resources/gpu

    Dell R720 Caveats:

    1.) The riser power 8-pin port appears to be EPS-12V but it is NOT.  It is keyed like EPS-12V but the pinout is more like a PCI-E 8 pin.  Others have fried their hardware by not understanding this.

    When finding cables be careful, there are cables that plugin to the riser and give you PCI-E 8-PIN out but this will fry you, as remember most of the Tesla cards use EPS-12V.  You would only need that sort of cable if you were plugging in a more normal GPU which did use 8-PIN PCI power.

    • Make sure that whatever cable you have has the yellow cables on top to the side that connects to the Tesla GPU
    • Make sure that the cable connecting to the riser has the 3 yellow cables on the bottom.

     Confirm if Dell PowerEdge R720 Power port mixes pin layout ...

    2.) Dell R720/730 Cable Recommendations:

    For the Tesla's with EPS-12V, perhaps the safest method is to combine the Dell Riser to GPU cable and then get the Tesla 2xPCI-E to EPS-12V adapter (not 1 or the other but both or you will fry your system).  This would not require any hack job wiring but does require two separate cables.

    Option 1. Buy these 2 cables


    This Dell part number 09H6FV/N08NH is ONLY good for normal PCI-E based GPUs (eg. RTX/GTX) amazon affil link

    The above part connects to the riser in the server and gives you 2 x PCI-E power adapters.

    Unless you combine it with the EPS-12V to 2xPCI-8 adapter.

    The above part then connects to the EPS-12V on the Tesla card and then mates to the 2 PCI-E power connections from the riser cable.

    Do not just buy the single Dell 09H6F without the adapter as you will fry your server!

    Be aware again that anything that says Dell Riser to GPU cable is usually going to give you PCI-E which is NOT what you want for the Tesla's and will likely fry something!

    Option 2. Possibly dangerous Hack Job using Corsair Type 4 CPU cable

    Be careful with this one especially that you have the correct orientation and that you snip the correct wire.  Long-term results are unknown/is it safe that the 1 sense wire was snipped off?

     This is the part you want for the Tesla GPUs that use EPS-12V for the Dell 720/730 Riser Series.

    If you want a hack job, some Youtube comments claim you can take a Corsair PSU Type 4 CPU cable but chop off the bottom right positive wire that connects to the riser side.  This is because as you can see with the Dell 720 Riser (the bottom right side pin is ground).  If you don't get this correct then you will short out the motherboard by sending 12V to a ground.

    This does seem to be all backed up by the following diagram of the Corsair Type 4 CPU cable.

    PSU Pinout Voltage - Corsair Type 4

     

    Which GPU should you choose based on performance?

    Factors for how you choose will depend on your use case, workload (eg. how much VRAM do you require for the models you are running?), whether it is testing, budget, scale and the cost and availability of power at your datacenter/business center.

    Tesla GPU Benchmark Comparison for Deep Learning

     

    https://www.microway.com/hpc-tech-tips/deep-learning-benchmarks-nvidia-tesla-p100-16gb-pcie-tesla-k80-tesla-m40-gpus/

     

     

    Ready Made Solutions

    These are ready-built enterprise servers that accommodate either the PCI-e versions or SXM format Nvidia Tesla boards.

    Servers support normally 4 PCI-e cards OR support 8 SXM boards.

    • Gigabyte G190-G30 Server
    • Dell PowerEdge C4140
    • Dell PowerEdge C4130
    • Nvidia DGX
    • Supermicro SYS-4028GR-TVRT
    • Supermicro SYS-1029GQ-TVRT
    • GIGABYTE G481S80
    • IBM S822LC 8335

     

    References

    https://forums.bit-tech.net/index.php?threads/mobos-that-work-with-tesla-k40m.368723/

    https://cloud.google.com/compute/gpus-pricing

    https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Business-PCs-Workstations-and-Point-of-Sale-Systems/Nvidia-Tesla-k40-pci-slot-which-one/td-p/7796334

    https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Business-PCs-Workstations-and-Point-of-Sale-Systems/nvidia-TESLA-K40-not-working-in-Z820/td-p/7749456

    https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Desktop-Hardware-and-Upgrade-Questions/Z820-PSU-alert-with-NVidia-Tesla-K80/td-p/8501937

    https://blog.thomasjungblut.com/random/running-tesla-k80/

    https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/kn07w8/tesla_k80_in_dell_r730_which_power_cable/

    https://kenmoini.com/post/2021/03/fun-with-servers-and-gpus/

    https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/tpymyf/help_with_installing_m40_in_r720/

    https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/z4pwza/tesla_k80_in_an_hp_z620_question_about_card/

    https://www.reddit.com/r/pcmasterrace/comments/m6evvp/gaming_on_a_tesla_m40_gtx_titan_x_performance_for/

    https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/pl2pga/tesla_m40_on_poweredge_r720/

    https://www.dell.com/community/PowerEdge-Hardware-General/Dell-R720-6-pin-pcie-power/td-p/4218851

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFCQOMCHOzM (discussion about K80 in Dell R720)

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qC7UdfQPMVI (discussion about M40 in Dell R720)

    https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=a00114890en_us&docLocale=en_US&page=NVIDIA_Tesla_K40_and_K80_GPUs.html

    https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Business-PCs-Workstations-and-Point-of-Sale-Systems/HP-Z620-dual-Xeon-Install-new-Graphic-card-Nvidia-power/td-p/6021214

    https://h30434.www3.hp.com/t5/Desktops-Archive-Read-Only/HP-Z620-gt-2-questions-regarding-6pin-gt-8pin/td-p/5727922

    https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/590781/confirm-if-dell-poweredge-r720-power-port-mixes-pin-layout-wiring-of-pcie-and-ke

    https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/fbwi2r/pro_tip_adding_a_gpu_to_dell_poweredge_servers/ (wrong info the Dell 720 Riser is not EPS-12V, it has the connector but the keying is like an 8-PIN PCI-e).

    https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/590781/confirm-if-dell-poweredge-r720-power-port-mixes-pin-layout-wiring-of-pcie-and-ke

    https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/bn3ube/power_cable_for_gpu_in_r720xd/

    https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/w0kbo3/r720xd_with_tesla_m40_what_power_cable/

    https://www.reddit.com/r/homelab/comments/zumlxz/nvidia_k80_in_dell_r720/


  • Stop ls in Linux Debian Mint CentOS Ubuntu from applying quotes around filenames and directory names


    Later versions of ls try to be helpful and smart to prevent errors in dealing with files with spaces that were tradtionally a pain.

    However if you need the raw/real filenames, this can break scripts or if you are pasting into a csv etc....

    How do you make ls not add the quotes?

    Add the capital "-N" switch

    ls -N

    You could also add an alias to make it more permanent

    Do this to add it to ~/.bashrc

    alias ls="ls -N"

     


  • Thunderbird Attachment Download Error Corrupt Wrong filesize of 29 or 27 bytes Solution


    This is an ongoing issue even with the latest Thunderbird 102.x where attachments downloaded via IMAP just won't save or will be corrupt which is a huge interruption to workflow or if you come back later to find out the file you thought you saved is invalid/corrupt and you have perhaps deleted the e-mail.

    How to solve the Thunderbird filesize attachment issue?

    1. Click on "Settings". then go to "General".

    2. Scroll to the bottom to find "Config Editor".

    3. Search for "mail.imap.mime_parts_on_demand" and set it to false.

    4. Search for "browser.cache.memory.max_entry_size" and set it to 40000000

    5. Remember to restart Thunderbird to apply the changes.

    After that your attachments will download properly (hopefully!).

    Still not working?

    Make sure to clear the Thunderbird cache, this should fix things if the above alone does not fix it.

    References: https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/questions/1268926

    https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1589649


  • Generic IP Camera LAN Default IP Settings DVR


    If you are converting a generic wifi IP camera to ethernet, it may not be that simple as many are default hard coded to a static IP of 192.168.1.168 and login info admin/admin.

    From there you can login to the camera and assign it to DHCP by going to http://192.168.1.168

    For security these cameras + DVR should be on a separate untagged VLAN or if possible a physically isolated non-internet connected switch/network.

    The reference below is applicable to many of the random generic IP cameras from China.

    Reference: https://www.herospeed.net/en/ver//Manual/IPC/IP%20Camera%20Quick%20Start%20Guide%20CK.pdf

    If the above doesn't work and you don't know the IP. you can always use tcpdump or wireshark to figure out the IP address of the camera.


  • Ubuntu Debian Mint Linux How To Update Initramfs Manually update-initramfs


    The easiest way for the current running kernel is:

    update-initramfs -u -k `uname -r`

    You could change -k to a specific kernel name if for some reason the current is not running (eg. if you are chrooted or in recovery mode).

    If you want to update all kernels then use "-k all"

    update-initramfs -k all -u


    update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-5.4.0-162-generic
    update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-5.4.0-26-generic

    What if initramfs fails because it tries to update a non-existent kernel that is not installed and not in /boot?

    Sometimes old entries persist in /var/lib/initramfs-tools so the solution is to delete the invalid entry.  This is important is often DKMS or other updates when installing packages may want to rebuild initramfs for all known kernels but this will all fail if it tries to build an old non-existent kernel it finds in /var/lib/initramfs-tools

     

     


  • Enable Turbo Mode for CPU Ubuntu Linux Mint Debian Redhat


    Sometimes due to your BIOS/EFI you may find that you have chosen "Energy Efficient" for your CPU which may effectively disable turbo mode.  This is because "Energy Efficient" will often restrict or throttle your CPU to the base speed.  This can impact nearly any CPU such as Intel's, AMDs, Opteron, Xeon etc...

    This is of course frustrating, for example if you have a CPU that is 2.0GHz base speed but turbo to 2.5GHz, you will never hit more than 2GHz.  If you have a 3.6GHz CPU with turbo mode to 4GHz you may never hit more than the base 3.6GHZ.

    Many people recommend using cpupower or cpufreq-set or cpupower which does work but can't easily apply to all cores/CPUs.

    How To Check the current power setting / CPU governor:

    We can see below that it is powersave, likely set by the BIOS, but fortunately we can change it ourselves.

    cat  /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor
    powersave
    powersave
    powersave
    powersave
    powersave
    powersave
    powersave
    powersave
    powersave
    powersave
    powersave
    powersave

    Here is the easiest solution way to set your CPU governor to performance to enable turbo mode:

    echo performance | sudo tee /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor
     

    Check again, we'll see that the CPU governor is set to performance now:

    cat  /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/scaling_governor
    performance
    performance
    performance
    performance
    performance
    performance
    performance
    performance
    performance
    performance
    performance
    performance
     

    How can you check your current CPU frequency?

    Some parts of the internet falsely claim the /proc/cpuinfo does not display any turbo frequency or anything above base but this is not correct.

    watch "cat /proc/cpuinfo|grep MHz"

    You'll see updates every few seconds that show the frequency your CPU is running at.  Generate some activity by opening applications and other activities to try to make it hit higher frequencies.


  • docker / kubernetes breaks Proxmox QEMU KVM Bridge VMs


    Docker adds iptables rules that break a lot of things including MASQUERADE or anything that needs the FORWARD table.  If NAT is not working after Docker installation, it is probably because it set the iptables FORWARD policy to DROP.

    This may also make you think that your br0 or bridge is not working, but it's likely just due to what we'll mention later on below, that, Docker probably set your FORWARD chain to default DROP all packets, so nothing on your bridge ever makes it out because of this policy (whereas the normal default is ACCEPT).

    If you do an iptables -L you will notice even if you deleted all the Docker chains that the iptables FORWARD policy is enabled and is set to drop, this causes your VMs to not have networking, at least not outside the host machine.

    Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)
    target     prot opt source               destination         


    Here is how to fix everything so Docker and NAT/VMs/bridged stuff can still work:

    If your bridge interface is not br0 like below change it (eg. if it's vmbr0 then change it to that).

    iptables -A FORWARD -p all -i br0 -j ACCEPT

    or for blanket all

    iptables --policy FORWARD ACCEPT

    Now you'll see it has policy ACCEPT so the VM traffic will work:

    Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    After this everything should now work, otherwise you have other unrelated iptables rules that are blocking or breaking the your network.

     

    The below is not necessary unless you really hate Docker and want broken networking:

    Delete the Docker chains

    iptables  -X DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1

    iptables -X DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2

    iptables -X DOCKER

    iptables -X DOCKER-USER

    What Docker did to our machine with iptables:

    root@nfs01:# iptables -L
    Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain DOCKER (0 references)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1 (0 references)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2 (0 references)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain DOCKER-USER (0 references)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

     

     

    root@nfs01:# iptables  -X DOCKER
    root@nfs01:# iptables  -X DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-1
    root@nfs01:# iptables -L^C
    root@nfs01:# ping 192.168.11.240^C
    root@nfs01:# iptables -X DOCKER-ISOLATION-STAGE-2
    root@nfs01:# iptables -L
    Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain DOCKER-USER (0 references)
    target     prot opt source               destination         
    root@nfs01:# iptables -X DOCKER-USER
    root@nfs01:# iptables -L
    Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain FORWARD (policy DROP)
    target     prot opt source               destination         

    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
    target     prot opt source               destination  


  • How To Change Storage Location in Docker.io


    It sounds intuitive that you may just move the /var/lib/docker dir to another location and symlink it back but it won't work and you'll get an error.

    How to move Docker Storage the Correct Way

    This assumes that you want to use /mnt/raid as the new location.

    1.) Stop Docker

    systemctl stop docker

    2.) Move /var/lib/docker

    mv /var/lib/docker /mnt/raid/

    3.) Edit the Docker daemon file

    Specify the path you want in the data-root parameter eg.

    data-data: /mnt/raid/docker

    Edit the docker daemonfile.

    vi /etc/docker/daemon.json


    {
    "data-root": "/mnt/raid/docker"
    }

    4.) Restart Docker

    Restart Docker and now everything will be working out of the /mnt/raid/docker or whatever you specified in the daemon.json


  • RTL8812BU and RTL8822BU Linux Driver Ubuntu Setup Archer T3U Plus


    PCI ID 2357:0138

    First install your kernel headers/source:

    sudo apt install linux-headers-`uname -r`

    1.) Clone this git repo

    git clone https://github.com/morrownr/88x2bu-20210702

    2.) Run the install

    cd 88x2bu-20210702

    ./install-driver.sh

    3.) Load the driver

    modprobe 88x2bu

     

    # If you have an issue compiling with GCC 10, then try this.


    apt install gcc-9


    make CC=gcc-9 -j 4

    10.2.1-6


    root@routerOS:~/8821au-20210708# make -j 1
    make ARCH=x86_64 CROSS_COMPILE= -C /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/build M=/root/8821au-20210708  modules
    make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
      CC [M]  /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_cmd.o
    gcc-10: internal compiler error: Segmentation fault signal terminated program cc1
    Please submit a full bug report,
    with preprocessed source if appropriate.
    See <file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-10/README.Bugs> for instructions.
    make[3]: *** [/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-common/scripts/Makefile.build:291: /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_cmd.o] Error 4
    make[2]: *** [/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-common/Makefile:1846: /root/8821au-20210708] Error 2
    make[1]: *** [/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-common/Makefile:185: __sub-make] Error 2
    make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
    make: *** [Makefile:2501: modules] Error 2

     


  • Kazam video blank/high size and not working when recording solution


    By default it uses raw .avi which takes a lot of space and will not play on a lot of systems.

    It's best to change the codec to something like MP4.

    Step 1.) File -> Preferences -> Screencast in Kazam

     

    Step 2. ) Change Record With: to H264 (MP4)

     

    After that you'll be able to record with a lower file size and have videos that play and work on most platforms.


  • Cisco UC CME How To Enable Licensed Features




    Router#    show license


    Index 1 Feature: ipbasek9                       
        Period left: Life time
        License Type: Permanent
        License State: Active, In Use
        License Count: Non-Counted
        License Priority: Medium
    Index 2 Feature: securityk9_npe                 
        Period left: Not Activated
        Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
        License Type: EvalRightToUse
        License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
        License Count: Non-Counted
        License Priority: None
    Index 3 Feature: uck9                           
        Period left: Not Activated
        Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
        License Type: EvalRightToUse
        License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
        License Count: Non-Counted
        License Priority: None
    Index 4 Feature: datak9                         
        Period left: Not Activated
        Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
        License Type: EvalRightToUse
        License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
        License Count: Non-Counted
        License Priority: None
    Index 5 Feature: NtwkEssSuitek9_npe             
        Period left: Not Activated
        Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
        License Type: EvalRightToUse
        License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
        License Count: Non-Counted
        License Priority: None
    Index 6 Feature: CollabProSuitek9_npe           
        Period left: Not Activated
        Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
        License Type: EvalRightToUse
        License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
        License Count: Non-Counted
        License Priority: None
    Index 7 Feature: ios-ips-update                 
        Period left: Not Activated
        Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
        License Type: EvalRightToUse
        License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
        License Count: Non-Counted
        License Priority: None
    Index 8 Feature: SNASw                          
        Period left: Not Activated
        Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
        License Type: EvalRightToUse
        License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
        License Count: Non-Counted
            License Priority: None
    Index 9 Feature: cme-srst                       
        Period left: Not Activated
        Period Used: 0  minute  0  second 
        License Type: EvalRightToUse
        License State: Not in Use, EULA not accepted
        License Count: 0/0  (In-use/Violation)
        License Priority: None
    Index 10 Feature: mgmt-plug-and-play             
    Index 11 Feature: mgmt-lifecycle                 
    Index 12 Feature: mgmt-assurance                 
    Index 13 Feature: mgmt-onplus                    
    Index 14 Feature: mgmt-compliance                    
     

    Accept the agreement to enable the other services including CME/uck9

    Router(config)#license boot technology-package uck9


    Router(config)#license accept end user agreement
    PLEASE  READ THE  FOLLOWING TERMS  CAREFULLY. INSTALLING THE LICENSE OR
    LICENSE  KEY  PROVIDED FOR  ANY CISCO  PRODUCT  FEATURE  OR  USING SUCH
    PRODUCT  FEATURE  CONSTITUTES  YOUR  FULL ACCEPTANCE  OF  THE FOLLOWING
    TERMS. YOU MUST NOT PROCEED FURTHER IF YOU ARE NOT WILLING TO  BE BOUND
    BY ALL THE TERMS SET FORTH HEREIN.

    Use of this product feature requires  an additional license from Cisco,
    together with an additional  payment.  You may use this product feature
    on an evaluation basis, without payment to Cisco, for 60 days. Your use
    of the  product,  including  during the 60 day  evaluation  period,  is
    subject to the Cisco end user license agreement
    http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/general/warranty/English/EU1KEN_.html
    If you use the product feature beyond the 60 day evaluation period, you
    must submit the appropriate payment to Cisco for the license. After the
    60 day  evaluation  period,  your  use of the  product  feature will be
    governed  solely by the Cisco  end user license agreement (link above),
    together  with any supplements  relating to such product  feature.  The
    above  applies  even if the evaluation  license  is  not  automatically
    terminated  and you do  not receive any notice of the expiration of the
    evaluation  period.  It is your  responsibility  to  determine when the
    evaluation  period is complete and you are required to make  payment to
    Cisco for your use of the product feature beyond the evaluation period.

    Your  acceptance  of  this agreement  for the software  features on one
    product  shall be deemed  your  acceptance  with  respect  to all  such
    software  on all Cisco  products  you purchase  which includes the same
    software.  (The foregoing  notwithstanding, you must purchase a license
    for each software  feature you use past the 60 days evaluation  period,
    so  that  if you enable a software  feature on  1000  devices, you must
    purchase 1000 licenses for use past  the 60 day evaluation period.)    

    Activation  of the  software command line interface will be evidence of
    your acceptance of this agreement.


    ACCEPT? [yes/no]: yes

    #do a wr first

    do wr

    Now reboot/reload

    reload

     

    The following license(s) are transitioning, expiring or have expired.
    Features with expired licenses may not work after Reload.
    Feature: securityk9_npe                 ,Status: transition, Period Left: 8  wks 3  days


  • from pip._internal.cli.main import main File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/cli/main.py", line 60 sys.stderr.write(f"ERROR: {exc}") from pip._internal.cli.main import main File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packag


    Solution for python pip3 not working anymore

       from pip._internal.cli.main import main
      File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_internal/cli/main.py", line 60
        sys.stderr.write(f"ERROR: {exc}")


    wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/3.5/get-pip.py

    python3 get-pip.py
    DEPRECATION: Python 3.5 reached the end of its life on September 13th, 2020. Please upgrade your Python as Python 3.5 is no longer maintained. pip 21.0 will drop support for Python 3.5 in January 2021. pip 21.0 will remove support for this functionality.
    Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
    Collecting pip<21.0
      Downloading pip-20.3.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.5 MB)
         |████████████████████████████████| 1.5 MB 14.2 MB/s
    Collecting wheel
      Downloading wheel-0.37.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (35 kB)
    Installing collected packages: wheel, pip
    Successfully installed pip-20.3.4 wheel-0.37.1


    pip3 install --upgrade pip
    DEPRECATION: Python 3.5 reached the end of its life on September 13th, 2020. Please upgrade your Python as Python 3.5 is no longer maintained. pip 21.0 will drop support for Python 3.5 in January 2021. pip 21.0 will remove support for this functionality.
    Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
    Requirement already satisfied: pip in ./.local/lib/python3.5/site-packages (20.3.4)
    Collecting pip
      Using cached pip-20.3.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.5 MB)
      Downloading pip-20.3.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl (1.5 MB)
         |████████████████████████████████| 1.5 MB 14.3 MB/s
     


  • ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pip._internal' solution python


    pip3 install requests
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "/home/user/.local/bin/pip3", line 7, in <module>
        from pip._internal.cli.main import main
    ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pip._internal'

    As a quick and temp fix call the OS installed python and not the user .local/bin installed pip3

    /usr/bin/pip3 install requests
    Collecting requests
      Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/2d/61/08076519c80041bc0ffa1a8af0cbd3bf3e2b62af10435d269a9d0f40564d/requests-2.27.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (63kB)
        100% |████████████████████████████████| 71kB 5.1MB/s
    Collecting idna<4,>=2.5; python_version >= "3" (from requests)
      Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fc/34/3030de6f1370931b9dbb4dad48f6ab1015ab1d32447850b9fc94e60097be/idna-3.4-py3-none-any.whl (61kB)
        100% |████████████████████████████████| 71kB 7.3MB/s
    Collecting certifi>=2017.4.17 (from requests)
      Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/1d/38/fa96a426e0c0e68aabc68e896584b83ad1eec779265a028e156ce509630e/certifi-2022.9.24-py3-none-any.whl (161kB)
        100% |████████████████████████████████| 163kB 4.3MB/s
    Collecting urllib3<1.27,>=1.21.1 (from requests)
      Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/6f/de/5be2e3eed8426f871b170663333a0f627fc2924cc386cd41be065e7ea870/urllib3-1.26.12-py2.py3-none-any.whl (140kB)
        100% |████████████████████████████████| 143kB 5.1MB/s
    Collecting charset-normalizer~=2.0.0; python_version >= "3" (from requests)
      Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/06/b3/24afc8868eba069a7f03650ac750a778862dc34941a4bebeb58706715726/charset_normalizer-2.0.12-py3-none-any.whl
    Installing collected packages: idna, certifi, urllib3, charset-normalizer, requests
    Successfully installed certifi-2022.9.24 charset-normalizer-2.0.12 idna-3.4 requests-2.27.1 urllib3-1.26.12
     


  • grub blank screen how to manually boot kernel and initrd Linux Ubuntu Debian Centos won't boot solution


    You probably didn't do an "update-grub" and grub no longer has any proper menu entries, but before you can fix it let's try to get grub booting anyway.

    If you get this lovely black grub screen here's how you can get things booting.

    In my case I have a gpt partition with partition 1 and 2.  Partion 1 is just my EFI / ESP and partion 2 /dev/sda2 is my root which includes /boot.

    You will have to adjust this if you had a separate /boot partition.  Partition 2 has my /boot and also my root so here's what you can do.

    grub2 allows you to tab complete filenames so it's not too hard as you acn see below if you type:

    linux (hd0,gpt2)/bo and tab complete.

    How To Boot Grub Manually

    1.) Setup Kernel

    We type the location of our kernel and don't forget the root= parameter which specifies which device contains our root partition.

    linux (hd0,gpt2)/boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-18-amd64 root=/dev/sda2

    2.) Setup initrd

    initrd (hd0,gpt2)/boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-18-amd64

    3.) Now Boot

    Just type "boot" and it will boot up, assuming you've given the correct files/paths/root device in the previous steps.

    boot

     

     

    Grub manual Boot Success

     


  • Cisco Switch / Router How To Restore Factory Default Settings


    1.) Make sure your conf register is 0x2102

    Do show version and at the very end of the output you will see the Configuration register. 

    show version

    Configuration register is 0x2102
     

    If the config register is not 0x2102 then enter this command:

    r1#configure terminal
    r1(config)#config-register 0x2102
    r1(config)#end

    2.) Let's Erase the NVRAM/flash config settings

    As below you'll just enter the "write erase" command and type "reload" and hit enter.

    Once you hit reload the router will reboot and will no longer have the current-running config and will be factory defaulted.

    r1#write erase
    Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all configuration files! Continue? [confirm]
    [OK]
    Erase of nvram: complete
    r1#reload

    Proceed with reload? [confirm]

    System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
    Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
    Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

    Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
    CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
    Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


    Readonly ROMMON initialized
    program load complete, entry point: 0x80803000, size: 0x1b340
    program load complete, entry point: 0x80803000, size: 0x1b340


    IOS Image Load Test
    ___________________
    Digitally Signed Release Software
    program load complete, entry point: 0x81000000, size: 0x3ba8f3c
    Self decompressing the image : ################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################ [OK]

    Smart Init is enabled
    smart init is sizing iomem
                     TYPE      MEMORY_REQ
        Onboard devices &
             buffer pools      0x0228F000
    -----------------------------------------------
                   TOTAL:      0x0228F000

    Rounded IOMEM up to: 36Mb.
    Using 7 percent iomem. [36Mb/512Mb]

                  Restricted Rights Legend

    Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
    subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
    (c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted
    Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph
    (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer
    Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.

               cisco Systems, Inc.
               170 West Tasman Drive
               San Jose, California 95134-1706



    Cisco IOS Software, C2900 Software (C2900-UNIVERSALK9-M), Version 15.0(1)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
    Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
    Copyright (c) 1986-2009 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
    Compiled Wed 02-Dec-09 15:23 by prod_rel_team
    Image text-base: 0x21008F18, data-base: 0x258D4640


    This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to United
    States and local country laws governing import, export, transfer and
    use. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not imply
    third-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.
    Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible for
    compliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product you
    agree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unable
    to comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.

    A summary of U.S. laws governing Cisco cryptographic products may be found at:
    http://www.cisco.com/wwl/export/crypto/tool/stqrg.html

    If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email to
    export@cisco.com.

    Installed image archive
    Cisco CISCO2901/K9 (revision 1.0) with 487424K/36864K bytes of memory.
    Processor board ID FTX1337Y536
    2 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces
    1 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Module
    DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity enabled.
    255K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
    254464K bytes of ATA System CompactFlash 0 (Read/Write)


             --- System Configuration Dialog ---

    Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: noEnjoyr

     

     

    3.) Configure Your Router As Needed

    Enjoy your fresh factory default Cisco device now :).

    You can either hit yes or no above, but if you are experienced you likely want to hit no and configure everything as required.

     


  • Cisco 2900 3900 Router Password Reset How To Reset Enable Password


    It is a bit different and annoying here for these types of routers/models as you need to physically remove the CF (Compact Flash) and only then, will it enter ROMMON mode (Ctrl + Pause remotely over the console will not do it for us).  This means you cannot do this remotely, or at least not without the help of a remote/physical helper.

    Step 1.) Power off, router and remove CF Disk Slot#2

    Go to the router and remove the slot#2 cover uses your hand or it may help to use a flathead screwdriver.  Then push the left lever in twice to eject the CF flash.  You can let it sit partially in the slot so you don't lose it.

    Step 2.) Power Back On and set the confreg 0x2142

    Once you have entered ROMMON mode as below and the boot process is complete and you did the confreg, MAKE sure you now insert the CF disk back into the slot, BEFORE you RESET.

    System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
    Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
    Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

    Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
    CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
    Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


    Readonly ROMMON initialized
    Compact Flash0: Not present

    System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
    Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
    Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

    Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
    CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
    Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


    Readonly ROMMON initialized
    Compact Flash1: Not present

    System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
    Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
    Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

    Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
    CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
    Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


    Readonly ROMMON initialized
    Compact Flash0: Not present

    System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
    Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
    Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

    Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
    CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
    Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


    Readonly ROMMON initialized
    rommon 1 >

     

    Step 3.) Reset/power back on

    Follow the rest of the Cisco Password Reset Guide from here starting with Step 2

    System Bootstrap, Version 15.0(1r)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
    Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
    Copyright (c) 2009 by cisco Systems, Inc.

    Total memory size = 512 MB - On-board = 512 MB, DIMM0 = 0 MB
    CISCO2901/K9 platform with 524288 Kbytes of main memory
    Main memory is configured to 72/-1(On-board/DIMM0) bit mode with ECC enabled


    Readonly ROMMON initialized
    program load complete, entry point: 0x80803000, size: 0x1b340
    program load complete, entry point: 0x80803000, size: 0x1b340


    IOS Image Load Test
    ___________________
    Digitally Signed Release Software
    program load complete, entry point: 0x81000000, size: 0x3ba8f3c
    Self decompressing the image : ################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################ [OK]

    Smart Init is enabled
    smart init is sizing iomem
                     TYPE      MEMORY_REQ
        Onboard devices &
             buffer pools      0x0228F000
    -----------------------------------------------
                   TOTAL:      0x0228F000

    Rounded IOMEM up to: 36Mb.
    Using 7 percent iomem. [36Mb/512Mb]

                  Restricted Rights Legend

    Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
    subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
    (c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted
    Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph
    (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer
    Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.

               cisco Systems, Inc.
               170 West Tasman Drive
               San Jose, California 95134-1706



    Cisco IOS Software, C2900 Software (C2900-UNIVERSALK9-M), Version 15.0(1)M1, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
    Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
    Copyright (c) 1986-2009 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
    Compiled Wed 02-Dec-09 15:23 by prod_rel_team
    Image text-base: 0x2100A1D8, data-base: 0x258D5900


    This product contains cryptographic features and is subject to United
    States and local country laws governing import, export, transfer and
    use. Delivery of Cisco cryptographic products does not imply
    third-party authority to import, export, distribute or use encryption.
    Importers, exporters, distributors and users are responsible for
    compliance with U.S. and local country laws. By using this product you
    agree to comply with applicable laws and regulations. If you are unable
    to comply with U.S. and local laws, return this product immediately.

    A summary of U.S. laws governing Cisco cryptographic products may be found at:
    http://www.cisco.com/wwl/export/crypto/tool/stqrg.html

    If you require further assistance please contact us by sending email to
    export@cisco.com.

    Installed image archive
    Cisco CISCO2901/K9 (revision 1.0) with 487424K/36864K bytes of memory.
    Processor board ID FTX1337Y536
    2 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces
    1 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Module
    DRAM configuration is 64 bits wide with parity enabled.
    255K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
    254464K bytes of ATA System CompactFlash 0 (Read/Write)


             --- System Configuration Dialog ---

    Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
    % Please answer 'yes' or 'no'.
    Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]:
     

     

     


  • How To Install convert MBR Legacy booting GRUB to EFI from a non-EFI Linux Environment Ubuntu Mint Debian


     

    1.) Create your EFI/ESP Partition

    If you happen to have some free space on the drive already then this is easy, just create a new partition of at least 100M.

    The nice thing about the EFI spec is that it must just be in the first 2.2TB of space so for most users, it means you can simply resize the last partition (downsize it by 100M) and then add an EFI partition at the end.

    For example if you had this partition scheme:

    /dev/sda1 = /

    /dev/sda2 = swap

    You could just downsize your swap partition or whatever the last partition is and then create a new partitiion as EFI/FAT32 at the end.  UEFI will still find and boot it even if it is not the first partition.

    You could use gparted to achieve the above or from any other LiveCD like Ubuntu/Mint you could boot and manipulate the partition table as you need.

    Format your EFI/ESP partition

    Replace the xx with your info eg. if you had /dev/sda3 as your EFI partition then use mkfs.vfat /dev/sda3

    mkfs.vfat /dev/sdxx

    2.) chroot into your target root partition

    How to properly chroot

    3.) Install grub-efi first otherwise the target x86_64-efi won't exist and you won't be able to install the EFI boot loader.

    apt install grub-efi

    4.) Mount your ESP in /boot/efi

    Remember the EFI boot loader calls for a partition type of vfat/fat32 and it can be at any location (eg. I have booted from ESP as partition#3).

    mkdir -p /boot/efi

    mount /dev/sda1 /boot/efi

    5.) Install GRUB EFI like this:

    Note that some platforms/devices/computers/laptops/servers will not boot if you don't use the --bootloader-id option and if you don't use the --no-uefi-secure-boot

    Change /dev/sdx to your drive


    If you are using secureboot do this:

    grub-install --target=x86_64-efi /dev/sdx
    Installing for x86_64-efi platform.
    grub-install: warning: EFI variables are not supported on this system..
    Installation finished. No error reported.

    If you are not using secureboot do this:

    grub-install --target=x86_64-efi /dev/sdx --no-uefi-secure-boot  --bootloader-id realtechtalk

    Errors GRUB EFI won't boot or show at all or disappears from efibootmgr

    The whole issue is that the grub efi binaries are hard coded to find the files in /EFI/debian for Debian for example or for Ubuntu it is /EFI/ubuntu.  If you use any bootloader-id other than those things won't work unless they exist.

    To have a custom bootloader-id you need the hardcoded/default -bootloader-id in EFI/ and then you can install your customer one.  In essence --bootloader-id is broken as users have complained of for years.

    This is usually caused by the issues mentioned in #4, especially installing without --bootloader-id  a lot of implementations of EFI will not boot if you don't set the --bootloader-id.

    If you use a bootloader-id other than the default for the grub built for your OS eg. debian, ubuntu it will probably not work unless you use --no-uefi-secure-boot

     

     

    GRUB Menu Won't Show or the EFI Computer says "No bootable disk/device"

    If you have EFI/debian or EFI/ubuntu etc.. on your ESP/EFI partition and you are getting this message, it probably means your BIOS is bad/buggy.  Some EFI computers will only boot from a file called EFI/boot/bootx64.efi

    You can see reports of even Asus computers and chipsets based on Z87 having this issue. 

    How do you fix the problem?

    Create EFI/boot on your ESP/EFI partition.

    Then copy grubx64.efi from EFI/debian or EFI/ubuntu (whatever dir your EFI bootloader was installed to) to EFI/boot

    Still keep your debian/ubuntu or whatever bootloader dirname you have in EFI.  Now your BIOS should pickup the file and then boot from the files it refers to in EFI/debian or EFI/ubuntu and work normally.

    This is a bug as some old EFI implemenations will only boot from EFI/boot/bootx64.efi which is why a lot of OS's/distros like Ubuntu and even Microsoft Windows keep this structure.

     

    Do you need a GPT partition table / does EFI support MBR partitions?

    Yes, in my experience using an MBR partition is not an issue at all.


  • Translating "cisco" ...domain server (255.255.255.255) Cisco Router/Switch Solution


    If you are in enable mode and make a typo, the router will treat it as a domain name and try to resolve it, and if it can't resolve it, you'll have to wait until it times out.

     

    Here's how to solve the Translating domain server error in Cisco

    Enter this in config mode:

    no ip domain-lookup

    Be sure to save the running-config afterwards.


  • Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/network-confg (Permission denied) - How To Fix Cisco Router Switch Error Solution Console


    How To Fix This Cisco Switch/Router Error %Error opening tftp

    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/network-confg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/cisconet.cfg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/router-confg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/ciscortr.cfg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/network-confg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/cisconet.cfg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/router-confg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/ciscortr.cfg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/network-confg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/cisconet.cfg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/router-confg (Permission denied)
    %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/ciscortr.cfg (Permission denied)

    After the first boot and config of a static IP you may get this instead (Timed out):

    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/network-confg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/cisconet.cfg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/router-confg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/ciscortr.cfg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/network-confg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/cisconet.cfg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/router-confg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/ciscortr.cfg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/network-confg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/cisconet.cfg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/router-confg (Timed out)
    %Error opening tftp://255.255.255.255/ciscortr.cfg (Timed out)

    These Cisco devices try to get various configs to save you time by assuming that the default gateway on the LAN is a tftp server that might provide these files.  If that's not the case it is annoying to use the console as you will end up waiting for those timeouts.

    Just enter config mode to solve the tftp Error Opening tftp

    en

    conf t

    no service config

    exit

     

    After this you won't get those tftp errors


  • GRUB error: invalid arch-independent ELF magic. Solution How To Fix Linux Centos Ubuntu Mint


    I've seen this bizarrely happen on a newly partitioned and custom installed Linux install, particularly if you did not properly unmount before rebooting.

    You can find reports of it happening on various

    How to fix the error: invalid arch-independent ELF magic.

    You need to boot into Live/Rescue mode, chroot into your OS properly and then do a grub-install on each drive that needs to be booted from.

    How To Avoid The Error:

    The solution to avoid the problem is to make sure that /boot and / are properly unmounted and I've never seen that error.  I have confirmed that it can even happen on a successful grub-install if you don't unmount properly.


  • How to find out which package a file belongs to in Debian Mint Ubuntu Linux


    To find which package a file is from just pass it the path to the file in question, whether it's a config file or binary, you'll find your answer (assuming it does belong to a package of course).

    Just use dpkg -S /path/to/yourfile

    How To Find Which Package The File Belongs To in Debian Mint Ubuntu Linux

    eg.

    dpkg -S /usr/bin/xed
    xed: /usr/bin/xed

    dpkg -S /etc/pam.conf
    libpam-runtime: /etc/pam.conf
     


  • Centos 7 not mounting /etc/fstab partitions


    If you are doing a custom deployment and image, make sure that when you rsync'd or tar'd that you didn't mess up the symlnk of /etc/mtab to /proc/self/mounts

    ln --force -s /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab

    Will fix this


  • CentOS 7 / 8 cannot boot with with mdadm RAID array solution


    This article about migrating to a CentOS 7 /8 RAID mdadm array has a lot of info but I wanted to focus specifically on what newer versions of CentOS 7 require to boot mdadm and what changes are necessary on CentOS 7.8+

    CentOS 7 / 8 mdadm RAID booting requirements

    This assumes you are chrooting into an existing install or using it to get a new deployment ready.  However, these steps can fix existing mdadm installs that don't boot properly either (but you'll want to boot either into rescue or a Live environment and then chroot).

    Check this if you need to learn how to chroot into your OS

    1.) Install mdadm:

    yum -y install mdadm

    2.) Edit /etc/default grub like this

    Without rd.auto=1 you will find that it won't be able to boot or assemble your RAID array.

    Edit the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX line and add:

    rd.auto=1

    3.) Update your grub.cfg file

    grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg

    4.) Update your /etc/dracut.conf

    Update your dracut.conf as this is critical for new kernels that you install, otherwise the initramfs will not contain mdraid and your array will be inaccessible.  You'll forget long after this, until you find your server can't boot after a kernel update!

    Just uncomment and enable the "add_dracutmodules" to be like below:

    add_dracutmodules+="mdraid"

    5.) Update the existing initramfs files

    You'll want to do this otherwise the initramfs is missing the mdadm kernel module, so your array won't be accessible and boot will fail.

    For each initramfs in /boot you'll want to do this:

    *Change the name of initramfs to match yours

    dracut --add="mdraid" /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-1127.13.1.el7.x86_64.img 3.10.0-1127.13.1.el7.x86_64 --force

    Notice that after the initramfs full name, you need to take the full kernel name and place it, which in the example above was "3.10.0-1127.13.1.el7.x86_64" this is critical as if you miss the kernel name, it will create but just won't work and you'll still be unable to boot.

     

    If you've done something wrong configuring your CentOS 7 8 mdadm RAID array you'll see something like this when you boot:

    Warning: /dev/disk/by-uuid/ does not exist

    Entering emergency mode.


  • How To Add Default Gateway in Linux using the ip route command routing


    Adding a default route is very simple with this command

    Just replace 192.168.1.1 with the IP of your GW.

    ip route add default via 192.168.1.1

    How can you delete this default route if you messed it up?

    It's just the opposite with "delete" instead of add

    ip route del default via 192.168.1.1

    This is the equivalent of the "route command's" route add default gw 192.168.1.1


  • Error: Failed to download metadata for repo 'appstream': Cannot prepare internal mirrorlist: No URLs in mirrorlist Solution for Centos8 yum package install error


    Are you getting this error in CentOS 8 when trying to use yum to install a package?

    Error: Failed to download metadata for repo 'appstream': Cannot prepare internal mirrorlist: No URLs in mirrorlist

    What we need to do is not use the automatic mirror list and manually set the base URL

    Solution

    sed -i 's/mirrorlist/#mirrorlist/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS*

    sed -i 's%#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org%baseurl=http://vault.centos.org%g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS*
     

    We had to be creative above with the second sed as it was just easier to use a weird % as the delimiter for the sed statement, as the standard / would not work since the search and replace has a url with /'s in it.

    After that run yum again and everything should work


  • md mdadm array inactive how to start and activate the RAID array


    cat /proc/mdstat

    Personalities : [raid1] [raid10] [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
    md124 : inactive sdj1[0](S)
          1048512 blocks

    Solution, we "run" the array

    sudo mdadm --manage /dev/md124 --run
    mdadm: started array /dev/md/0_0


  • Loaded: masked (Reason: Unit hostapd.service is masked.) Solution in Linux Debian Mint Ubuntu


    If you are getting this error from systemctl "Loaded: masked (Reason: Unit hostapd.service is masked.)" we need to unmask the service.

    Solution

    systemctl unmask hostapd
    Removed /etc/systemd/system/hostapd.service.

    It's fixed

    root@routerOS:/var/log# systemctl start hostapd
    root@routerOS:/var/log# systemctl status hostapd
    ● hostapd.service - Access point and authentication server for Wi-Fi and Ethernet
         Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/hostapd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
         Active: active (running) since Sun 2022-09-25 00:40:28 EDT; 1s ago
           Docs: man:hostapd(8)
        Process: 101729 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/hostapd -B -P /run/hostapd.pid -B $DAEMON_OPTS ${DAEMON_CONF} (code=exited, status=0/SU>
       Main PID: 101730 (hostapd)
          Tasks: 1 (limit: 8814)
         Memory: 648.0K
            CPU: 153ms
         CGroup: /system.slice/hostapd.service
                 └─101730 /usr/sbin/hostapd -B -P /run/hostapd.pid -B /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf

    Sep 25 00:40:27 routerOS systemd[1]: Starting Access point and authentication server for Wi-Fi and Ethernet...
    Sep 25 00:40:27 routerOS hostapd[101729]: Configuration file: /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf
    Sep 25 00:40:27 routerOS hostapd[101729]: wlan0: interface state UNINITIALIZED->COUNTRY_UPDATE
    Sep 25 00:40:27 routerOS hostapd[101729]: Using interface wlan0 with hwaddr 00:00:00:00:00:00 and ssid "rttwireless"
    Sep 25 00:40:28 routerOS hostapd[101729]: wlan0: interface state COUNTRY_UPDATE->ENABLED
    Sep 25 00:40:28 routerOS hostapd[101729]: wlan0: AP-ENABLED
    Sep 25 00:40:28 routerOS systemd[1]: Started Access point and authentication server for Wi-Fi and Ethernet.


  • Linux Mint Ubuntu Ubiquity Installer Bug EFI Installed To Wrong Partition Solution


    Just an FYI that the installer ignores your selection of Boot Loader, as it was intended for MBR/Legacy.  The installer horribly, even when choosing "Something Else" and manually partitioning and creating an EFI in your install drive, will still install grub to the first EFI partition it finds, even if you are following a guide like this to avoid wiping out the MBR/Bootloader and to install the EFI boot loader to the correct partition for Linux Mint/Ubuntu/Debian .

     

    Normally if you have Windows or another OS installed on the primary drive, it will overwrite the Windows Boot Loader no matter what you tell it.

    Solution

    Here is how you can fix your Linux on the destination drive by fixing the EFI boot loader/partition and reinstalling grub correctly.


  • Libreoffice Impress How To Change The Color of Links


     
     
     
     

    There are lots of wrong answers out there perhaps for much older versions of LibreOffice.

    Tools -> Options

    Then under LibreOffice -> Application Colors below.

    Change the Viisted and Univisted link colors

     

     

     

    Now you should have links that are readable, however this setting only applies to NEW links.  I am not aware of a setting that changes all of the current/existing links.


  • ecryptfs How To Backup / Migrate Linux Mint Ubuntu Debian system ecryptfs properly and restore access


    In this scenario, let's say you want to clone your OS at the filesystem level and the source system (the system you want to clone from) is in use.

    Doing a blind rsync / is a big problem because it uses twice as much space for no reason.

    The reason for this is that with ecryptfs you have a /home/.ecryptfs directory which has the actual encrypted versions of your files and folders. However your home directory (eg. /home/someuser) is mounted.

    Doing the blind rsync will cause you to backup the mounted actual files and the actual encrypted files, which is how your data is doubled. 

    How an unmounted ecryptfs home directory looks

    We can see that all that's really contained in the home directory are two symlinks .ecryptfs and .Private which link to /home/.ecryptfs/easy/.ecryptfs and /home/.ecryptfs/easy/.Private

    How would we backup our ecryptfs system then?

    You would want to do something like this:

    replace "--exclude=/home/easy" with the path of your home directories (and add more excludes for each user under home that has ecryptfs files).

    rsync -Phaz / --exclude=/home/easy/ --exclude=/proc/* --exclude=/sys/* user@remotehost:/mnt/target

    On the target system though we'll need to create the symlinks again:

    This assumes your entire filesystem has been stored in /mnt/target (change this path to where your target was transferred to)

    chroot /mnt/target

    Now we create the symlinks.

    Now change to the user's directory where you need this done.

    #change /home/easy to your user dir

    cd /home/easy

     

    Change "ln -s /home/.ecryptfs/easy" to the name of your user eg . "ln -s /home/.ecryptfs/yourusername"

    ln -s /home/.ecryptfs/easy/.ecryptfs .ecryptfs

    ln -s /home/.ecryptfs/easy/.Private .Private

     

    Ecryptfs Success

    Once you login again, you should now have restored access to all of the encrypted files, assuming that you did your backup correctly and that /home/.ecryptfs was copied properly from the source system.


  • i915 nouveau Nvidia GPU not starting lightdm Xorg failing solution for Could not determine valid watermarks for inherited state


    It may appear to be an Xorg or lightdm/gdm/mdm error but in reality for many users with this issue, it's a driver conflict and issue.  I had a system that had two GPUs, an Intel and Nvidia GPU.

    The only thing that got it working was to remove the nouveau driver and blacklist it so it never came back, then the Intel GPU works fine without these issues.

    Solution

    sudo rmmod nouveau

    add nouveau/other driver to blacklist


    edit this file: /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

    blacklist nouveau

    i915 Errors



    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936122] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 4096M
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936124] checking generic (d0000000 410000) vs hw (d0000000 10000000)
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936125] fb: switching to inteldrmfb from VESA VGA
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936143] Console: switching to colour dummy device 80x25
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936229] [drm] Replacing VGA console driver
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.936686] [drm] ACPI BIOS requests an excessive sleep of 20000 ms, using 1500 ms instead
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.942234] [drm] Supports vblank timestamp caching Rev 2 (21.10.2013).
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.942235] [drm] Driver supports precise vblank timestamp query.
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.944152] i915 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: changed VGA decodes: olddecodes=io+mem,decodes=io+mem:owns=io+mem
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949799] ------------[ cut here ]------------
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949800] Could not determine valid watermarks for inherited state
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949848] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 167 at /build/linux-96lg89/linux-4.15.0/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/intel_display.c:14537 intel_modeset_init+0xfcf/0x1010 [i915]
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949849] Modules linked in: i915(+) raid1 i2c_algo_bit drm_kms_helper syscopyarea sysfillrect sysimgblt fb_sys_fops drm ahci r8169 psmouse mii libahci video
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949856] CPU: 3 PID: 167 Comm: systemd-udevd Not tainted 4.15.0-188-generic #199-Ubuntu
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949856] Hardware name:
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949885] RIP: 0010:intel_modeset_init+0xfcf/0x1010 [i915]
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949886] RSP: 0018:ffffb0b28202f9b0 EFLAGS: 00010286
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949887] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff89e010060000 RCX: ffffffffa1a63b28
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949888] RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: 0000000000000096 RDI: 0000000000000247
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949888] RBP: ffffb0b28202fa40 R08: 000000000000035e R09: 0000000000000004
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949889] R10: 0000000000000040 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffff89e010a1b400
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949890] R13: ffff89e01c52a400 R14: 00000000ffffffea R15: ffff89e010060358
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949891] FS:  00007f1a1bfc3680(0000) GS:ffff89e02f580000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949892] CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949892] CR2: 00007f1a1bf98552 CR3: 00000004109b0004 CR4: 00000000003606e0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949893] Call Trace:
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949920]  i915_driver_load+0xa73/0xe60 [i915]
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949944]  i915_pci_probe+0x42/0x70 [i915]
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949947]  local_pci_probe+0x47/0xa0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949948]  pci_device_probe+0xf1/0x1d0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949950]  driver_probe_device+0x395/0x4a0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949952]  __driver_attach+0xcc/0xf0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949953]  ? driver_probe_device+0x4a0/0x4a0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949954]  bus_for_each_dev+0x70/0xc0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949955]  driver_attach+0x1e/0x20
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949956]  bus_add_driver+0x1c7/0x270
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949957]  ? 0xffffffffc0332000
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949959]  driver_register+0x60/0xe0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949959]  ? 0xffffffffc0332000
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949960]  __pci_register_driver+0x5a/0x60
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949987]  i915_init+0x5c/0x5f [i915]
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949989]  do_one_initcall+0x52/0x1a0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949991]  ? __vunmap+0xb5/0xe0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949993]  ? _cond_resched+0x19/0x40
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949995]  ? kmem_cache_alloc_trace+0x167/0x1d0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949997]  ? do_init_module+0x27/0x1f2
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.949998]  do_init_module+0x4f/0x1f2
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950001]  load_module+0x1772/0x2000
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950003]  ? ima_post_read_file+0x96/0xa0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950005]  SYSC_finit_module+0xfc/0x120
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950006]  ? SYSC_finit_module+0xfc/0x120
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950008]  SyS_finit_module+0xe/0x10
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950010]  do_syscall_64+0x73/0x130
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950011]  entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x41/0xa6
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950012] RIP: 0033:0x7f1a1bacb539
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950013] RSP: 002b:00007ffdd9a4f338 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000139
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950014] RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 000056178d3abb60 RCX: 00007f1a1bacb539
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950014] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00007f1a1b7aa105 RDI: 0000000000000012
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950015] RBP: 00007f1a1b7aa105 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 00007ffdd9a4f450
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950015] R10: 0000000000000012 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000000
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950016] R13: 000056178d3d0a30 R14: 0000000000020000 R15: 000056178d3abb60
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950017] Code: e9 46 fc ff ff 48 c7 c6 00 68 2c c0 48 c7 c7 58 5b 2c c0 e8 34 c0 45 e0 0f 0b e9 73 fe ff ff 48 c7 c7 c8 c0 2d c0 e8 21 c0 45 e0 <0f> 0b e9 4b fe ff ff 48 c7 c6 0d 68 2c c0 48 c7 c7 58 5b 2c c0
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.950030] ---[ end trace e0aff203c6d48748 ]---
    Sep 14 17:50:25 laptop kernel: [    1.952571] [drm] Initialized i915 1.6.0 20171023 for 0000:00:02.0 on minor 0
     


  • br0: received packet on bond0 with own address as source address Linux Solution Mint Debian Redhat CentOS bridge bridging


    A quick fix is to run this command:

    sudo brctl setageing br0 0

    This causes the aging of the MAC address to time out immediately or in 0 seconds, which delete the entry frmo the FDB (Forwarding Database) and causes the error to go away.  The default time is 300 seconds or 5 minutes.

    You can also add it under your br0 definition like this in /etc/network/interfaces to make it permanent and automatic:

    auto br0
iface br0 inet static
  address 192.168.1.2
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  gateway 192.168.1.1
  bridge_ports bond0
  bridge_ageing 0

bridge_ageing 0 = sudo brctl setageing br0 0

     

    From the brctl manual:

           brctl setageing

    For more information on setting up Linux bonding bond0 with br0 check this guide.


  • Debian Mint Ubuntu Howto Disable Network Manager


    NetworkManager is normally good for GUI users who may not be good with manually confguring devices, but if you are using things like bridging and bonding, it will often break things.

    How To Disable NetworkManager

    systemctl disable NetworkManager

    Now that it's disabled you will need to stop NetworkManager.  NetworkManager will still be running until you reboot next or manually stop it.

    How To Stop NetworkManager

    systemctl stop NetworkManager

     

    After that NetworkManager will be disabled and stopped.  If you ever need to re-enable it, you can do the opposite:

    systemctl enable NetworkManager

    systemctl start NetworkManager


  • amdgpu AMD GPU Xorg Won't Start [3576284.324] (EE) Segmentation fault at address 0x0 [3576284.325] (EE) Fatal server error: [3576284.325] (EE) Caught signal 11 (Segmentation fault). Server aborting


    Here is how I fixed it on a Mint/Ubuntu install

    1.) First download the latest AMDGPU-Pro driver from here:

    https://www.amd.com/en/support

    Navigate to your relevant video card:

    2.) Download the installer

    One issue is that by default they give you a version for the latest version of your OS which will likely not work on a previous version of Ubuntu, say Bionic or 18.  It may appear to work by will cause dependency hell, I was able to get the video working and see the login screen of Ubuntu, but I couldn't type because it forcefully removed xserver-xorg-xinput-all which is required for the keyboard and mouse to work with xorg.

    If this is your case, at least as of this moment you can manually go through the repo of AMD like this:

    https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu-install/22.20.5/ubuntu/

    Download using the link shown in the "Download" button above.

    wget https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu-install/22.20/ubuntu/jammy/amdgpu-install_22.20.50200-1_all.deb

     

    3.) Install amdgpu-pro

    dpkg -i amdgpu-install_22.20.50205-1_all.deb
    (Reading database ... 489099 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack amdgpu-install_22.20.50205-1_all.deb ...
    Unpacking amdgpu-install (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) over (22.20.50200-1438746~20.04) ...
    Setting up amdgpu-install (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...

    amdgpu-install

     

    How to uninstall the amdgpu driver and go back to the kernel opensource amdgpu?

    amdgpu-uninstall

    #or

    amdgpu-install --uninstall

    The below is caused by a broken install of the amdgpu-pro driver which we fix above. 

     

    4.) Install xorg input

    For some reason the installer will often remove xserver-xorg-input-all which will cause your screen to be unusable since mouse and keyboard won't work.

    apt install xserver-xorg-input-all
     

     

    [3576284.233] (II) [KMS] Kernel modesetting enabled.
    [3576284.234] (II) AMDGPU(0): Creating default Display subsection in Screen section
        "Default Screen Section" for depth/fbbpp 24/32
    [3576284.234] (==) AMDGPU(0): Depth 24, (--) framebuffer bpp 32
    [3576284.234] (II) AMDGPU(0): Pixel depth = 24 bits stored in 4 bytes (32 bpp pixmaps)
    [3576284.234] (==) AMDGPU(0): Default visual is TrueColor
    [3576284.234] (==) AMDGPU(0): RGB weight 888
    [3576284.234] (II) AMDGPU(0): Using 8 bits per RGB (8 bit DAC)
    [3576284.234] (--) AMDGPU(0): Chipset: "Radeon RX 580 Series" (ChipID = 0x67df)
    [3576284.234] (II) Loading sub module "fb"
    [3576284.234] (II) LoadModule: "fb"
    [3576284.234] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libfb.so
    [3576284.235] (II) Module fb: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
    [3576284.235]     compiled for 1.19.6, module version = 1.0.0
    [3576284.235]     ABI class: X.Org ANSI C Emulation, version 0.4
    [3576284.235] (II) Loading sub module "dri2"
    [3576284.235] (II) LoadModule: "dri2"
    [3576284.235] (II) Module "dri2" already built-in
    [3576284.289] (II) Loading sub module "glamoregl"
    [3576284.290] (II) LoadModule: "glamoregl"
    [3576284.290] (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libglamoregl.so
    [3576284.303] (II) Module glamoregl: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
    [3576284.303]     compiled for 1.19.6, module version = 1.0.0
    [3576284.303]     ABI class: X.Org ANSI C Emulation, version 0.4
    [3576284.303] (II) glamor: OpenGL accelerated X.org driver based.
    [3576284.316] (II) glamor: EGL version 1.5:
    [3576284.324] (EE)
    [3576284.324] (EE) Backtrace:
    [3576284.324] (EE) 0: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (xorg_backtrace+0x4d) [0x55668533713d]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 1: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (0x55668517e000+0x1bced9) [0x55668533aed9]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 2: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x7f94632a8000+0x12980) [0x7f94632ba980]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 3: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x7f9462eb7000+0xb0be3) [0x7f9462f67be3]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 4: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x7f9462eb7000+0x9e5df) [0x7f9462f555df]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 5: /usr/lib/xorg/modules/libglamoregl.so (glamor_egl_init+0x2c4) [0x7f943c5cde54]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 6: /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/amdgpu_drv.so (0x7f9460356000+0x180fb) [0x7f946036e0fb]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 7: /usr/lib/xorg/modules/drivers/amdgpu_drv.so (0x7f9460356000+0xed4a) [0x7f9460364d4a]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 8: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (InitOutput+0xc08) [0x556685217e58]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 9: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (0x55668517e000+0x57873) [0x5566851d5873]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 10: /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (__libc_start_main+0xe7) [0x7f9462ed8c87]
    [3576284.324] (EE) 11: /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg (_start+0x2a) [0x5566851bf73a]
    [3576284.324] (EE)
    [3576284.324] (EE) Segmentation fault at address 0x0
    [3576284.325] (EE)
    Fatal server error:
    [3576284.325] (EE) Caught signal 11 (Segmentation fault). Server aborting
    [3576284.325] (EE)
    [3576284.325] (EE)
    Please consult the The X.Org Foundation support
         at http://wiki.x.org
     for help.
    [3576284.325] (EE) Please also check the log file at "/var/log/Xorg.0.log" for additional information.
    [3576284.325] (EE)
    [3576284.336] (EE) Server terminated with error (1). Closing log file.

     

    Errors during amdgpu install

    amdgpu-install
    Ign:1 http://packages.linuxmint.com tara InRelease
    Hit:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease                                                                                                                           
    Hit:3 http://packages.linuxmint.com tara Release                                                                                                                                  
    Hit:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease                                                                                                   
    Hit:5 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease                                                                           
    Hit:6 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease                                                     
    Hit:7 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic InRelease                          
    Hit:8 http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease              
    Hit:9 https://repo.radeon.com/rocm/apt/5.2.5 ubuntu InRelease
    Reading package lists... Done                     
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree       
    Reading state information... Done
    linux-headers-4.15.0-189-generic is already the newest version (4.15.0-189.200).
    linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-189-generic is already the newest version (4.15.0-189.200).
    The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
      xserver-xorg-legacy
    Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it.
    The following additional packages will be installed:
      amdgpu-core amdgpu-dkms-firmware comgr gst-omx-amdgpu hip-runtime-amd hsa-rocr hsa-rocr-dev hsakmt-roct-dev libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1 libdrm-amdgpu-common libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1 libdrm2-amdgpu
      libegl1-amdgpu-mesa libegl1-amdgpu-mesa-drivers libgbm1-amdgpu libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx libglapi-amdgpu-mesa libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu libva2-amdgpu libwayland-amdgpu-client0
      libwayland-amdgpu-egl1 libwayland-amdgpu-server0 libxatracker2-amdgpu mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers mesa-amdgpu-vdpau-drivers rocm-core rocm-language-runtime rocm-llvm rocm-ocl-icd
      rocm-opencl rocminfo xserver-xorg-amdgpu-video-amdgpu
    Suggested packages:
      libglide3
    The following NEW packages will be installed:
      amdgpu-core amdgpu-dkms amdgpu-dkms-firmware amdgpu-lib comgr gst-omx-amdgpu hip-runtime-amd hsa-rocr hsa-rocr-dev hsakmt-roct-dev libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1 libdrm-amdgpu-common libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1
      libdrm2-amdgpu libegl1-amdgpu-mesa libegl1-amdgpu-mesa-drivers libgbm1-amdgpu libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx libglapi-amdgpu-mesa libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu libva2-amdgpu
      libwayland-amdgpu-client0 libwayland-amdgpu-egl1 libwayland-amdgpu-server0 libxatracker2-amdgpu mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers mesa-amdgpu-vdpau-drivers rocm-core rocm-hip-runtime
      rocm-language-runtime rocm-llvm rocm-ocl-icd rocm-opencl rocm-opencl-runtime rocminfo xserver-xorg-amdgpu-video-amdgpu
    0 upgraded, 38 newly installed, 0 to remove and 15 not upgraded.
    Need to get 729 MB/800 MB of archives.
    After this operation, 1,109 MB of additional disk space will be used.
    Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
    Get:1 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 amdgpu-core all 22.20.50205-1511377~18.04 [2,232 B]
    Get:2 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libva2-amdgpu amd64 2.8.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [48.2 kB]
    Get:3 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libdrm2-amdgpu amd64 1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04 [35.8 kB]
    Get:4 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libdrm-amdgpu-common all 1.0.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [4,924 B]
    Get:5 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1 amd64 1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04 [21.2 kB]
    Get:6 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1 amd64 1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04 [26.1 kB]
    Get:7 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu amd64 1:14.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [18.7 MB]
    Get:8 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [2,547 kB]
    Get:9 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libglapi-amdgpu-mesa amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [25.1 kB]
    Get:10 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [5,449 kB]
    Get:11 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 mesa-amdgpu-vdpau-drivers amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [2,533 kB]
    Get:12 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libwayland-amdgpu-client0 amd64 1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [25.4 kB]
    Get:13 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libwayland-amdgpu-server0 amd64 1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [32.8 kB]
    Get:14 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libwayland-amdgpu-egl1 amd64 1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [4,256 B]
    Get:15 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libxatracker2-amdgpu amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [1,555 kB]
    Get:16 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libgbm1-amdgpu amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [28.8 kB]
    Get:17 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libegl1-amdgpu-mesa amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [115 kB]
    Get:18 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libegl1-amdgpu-mesa-drivers amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [4,648 B]
    Get:19 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [146 kB]
    Get:20 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers amd64 1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04 [2,556 kB]
    Get:21 https://repo.radeon.com/amdgpu/22.20.5/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 gst-omx-amdgpu amd64 1:1.0.0.1.50205-1511377~18.04 [58.1 kB]
    Get:22 https://repo.radeon.com/rocm/apt/5.2.5 ubuntu/main amd64 rocm-llvm amd64 14.0.0.22324.50205-186 [695 MB]
    Get:23 https://repo.radeon.com/rocm/apt/5.2.5 ubuntu/main amd64 rocm-ocl-icd amd64 2.0.0.50205-186 [15.5 kB]                                                                                                   
    Fetched 729 MB in 27s (26.5 MB/s)                                                                                                                                                                              
    Extracting templates from packages: 100%
    Selecting previously unselected package amdgpu-dkms-firmware.
    (Reading database ... 482065 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../amdgpu-dkms-firmware_1%3a5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04_all.deb ...
    Unpacking amdgpu-dkms-firmware (1:5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up amdgpu-dkms-firmware (1:5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package amdgpu-dkms.
    (Reading database ... 482564 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../0-amdgpu-dkms_1%3a5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04_all.deb ...
    Unpacking amdgpu-dkms (1:5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package amdgpu-core.
    Preparing to unpack .../1-amdgpu-core_22.20.50205-1511377~18.04_all.deb ...
    Unpacking amdgpu-core (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package libva2-amdgpu:amd64.
    Preparing to unpack .../2-libva2-amdgpu_2.8.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libva2-amdgpu:amd64 (2.8.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package libdrm2-amdgpu:amd64.
    Preparing to unpack .../3-libdrm2-amdgpu_1%3a2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libdrm2-amdgpu:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package libdrm-amdgpu-common.
    Preparing to unpack .../4-libdrm-amdgpu-common_1.0.0.50205-1511377~18.04_all.deb ...
    Unpacking libdrm-amdgpu-common (1.0.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1:amd64.
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    Unpacking libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1:amd64.
    Preparing to unpack .../6-libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1_1%3a2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu:amd64.
    Preparing to unpack .../7-libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu_1%3a14.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu:amd64 (1:14.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers:amd64.
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    Unpacking mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
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    Unpacking libglapi-amdgpu-mesa:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up amdgpu-core (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up libva2-amdgpu:amd64 (2.8.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up libdrm2-amdgpu:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up libdrm-amdgpu-common (1.0.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up libdrm-amdgpu-amdgpu1:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up libdrm-amdgpu-radeon1:amd64 (1:2.4.110.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up libllvm14.0.50205-amdgpu:amd64 (1:14.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up mesa-amdgpu-va-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri:amd64.
    (Reading database ... 485247 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../00-libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri_1%3a22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
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    Unpacking mesa-amdgpu-vdpau-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
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    Unpacking libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
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    Unpacking mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
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    Unpacking rocm-llvm (14.0.0.22324.50205-186) ...
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    Unpacking hip-runtime-amd (5.2.21153.50205-186) ...
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    Unpacking rocm-hip-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package rocm-ocl-icd.
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    Unpacking rocm-ocl-icd (2.0.0.50205-186) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package rocm-opencl.
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    Unpacking rocm-opencl (2.0.0.50205-186) ...
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    Preparing to unpack .../26-rocm-opencl-runtime_5.2.5.50205-186_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking rocm-opencl-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
    Setting up libwayland-amdgpu-client0:amd64 (1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up amdgpu-dkms (1:5.16.9.22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Removing old amdgpu-5.16.9.22.20-1511377~18.04 DKMS files...

    ------------------------------
    Deleting module version: 5.16.9.22.20-1511377~18.04
    completely from the DKMS tree.
    ------------------------------
    Done.
    Loading new amdgpu-5.16.9.22.20-1511377~18.04 DKMS files...
    Building for 4.15.0-189-generic
    Building for architecture amd64
    Building initial module for 4.15.0-189-generic
    EFI variables are not supported on this system
    /sys/firmware/efi/efivars not found, aborting.
    Done.
    Forcing installation of amdgpu

    amdgpu:
    Running module version sanity check.
     - Original module
       - An original module was already stored during a previous install
     - Installation
       - Installing to /lib/modules/4.15.0-189-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/

    amdttm.ko:
    Running module version sanity check.
     - Original module
       - This kernel never originally had a module by this name
     - Installation
       - Installing to /lib/modules/4.15.0-189-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/

    amdkcl.ko:
    Running module version sanity check.
     - Original module
       - This kernel never originally had a module by this name
     - Installation
       - Installing to /lib/modules/4.15.0-189-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkcl/

    amd-sched.ko:
    Running module version sanity check.
     - Original module
       - This kernel never originally had a module by this name
     - Installation
       - Installing to /lib/modules/4.15.0-189-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/scheduler/

    amddrm_ttm_helper.ko:
    Running module version sanity check.
     - Original module
       - This kernel never originally had a module by this name
     - Installation
       - Installing to /lib/modules/4.15.0-189-generic/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm/

    Running the post_install script:

    depmod......

    DKMS: install completed.
    update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-189-generic
    W: initramfs-tools configuration sets RESUME=UUID=f828259e-b508-4b3d-ae04-c18cd9ac3936
    W: but no matching swap device is available.
    I: The initramfs will attempt to resume from /dev/md1
    I: (UUID=088c4485-895c-4294-92e5-97fbacc1db4d)
    I: Set the RESUME variable to override this.
    Warning: No support for locale: en_CA.utf8
    Setting up mesa-amdgpu-vdpau-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up libglapi-amdgpu-mesa:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up rocm-core (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
    update-alternatives: using /opt/rocm-5.2.5 to provide /opt/rocm (rocm) in auto mode
    Setting up libxatracker2-amdgpu:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up hsakmt-roct-dev (20220426.1.026.50205-186) ...
    Setting up libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-dri:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up libwayland-amdgpu-server0:amd64 (1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up hsa-rocr (1.5.0.50205-186) ...
    Setting up gst-omx-amdgpu (1:1.0.0.1.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up rocminfo (1.0.0.50205-186) ...
    Setting up rocm-llvm (14.0.0.22324.50205-186) ...
    Setting up mesa-amdgpu-omx-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up libwayland-amdgpu-egl1:amd64 (1.20.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up rocm-ocl-icd (2.0.0.50205-186) ...
    Setting up comgr (2.4.0.50205-186) ...
    Setting up libgbm1-amdgpu:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up libgl1-amdgpu-mesa-glx:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up hsa-rocr-dev (1.5.0.50205-186) ...
    Setting up libegl1-amdgpu-mesa:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up rocm-opencl (2.0.0.50205-186) ...
    Setting up xserver-xorg-amdgpu-video-amdgpu (1:22.0.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up hip-runtime-amd (5.2.21153.50205-186) ...
    Setting up rocm-language-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
    Setting up rocm-hip-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
    Setting up libegl1-amdgpu-mesa-drivers:amd64 (1:22.1.0.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Setting up rocm-opencl-runtime (5.2.5.50205-186) ...
    Setting up amdgpu-lib (22.20.50205-1511377~18.04) ...
    Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1.6) ...
    WARNING: nomodeset detected in kernel parameters, amdgpu requires KMS
    Error! Could not locate dkms.conf file.
    File:  does not exist.
    WARNING: amdgpu dkms failed for running kernel

    Fix

    rm -rf /var/lib/dkms/amdgpu

    dpkg-reconfigure amdgpu-dkms


  • symbol 'grub_calloc' not found grub boot error solution / fix


    I've encountered this after upgrading some Debian/Ubuntu/Mint based systems for no explicable reason, although there are some bug trackers on Ubuntu that document this: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/grub2/+bug/1889509

    The short end of the solution is that you need to properly reinstall grub.

     

    1.) Boot from a LiveCD

    2.) Mount your root / filesystem and don't forget to mount the boot partition in the root's /boot (if you have a separate partition).

    3.) chroot into the install

    4.) Reinstall grub

    update-grub

    grub-install /dev/sdx #(where X is one of your boot drives).

     

    After that you should be good.


  • /var/log/journal huge/too large solution in Debian Mint Ubuntu Linux Howot Fix


    Is your /var/log/journal overweight and bloated?  For example a decent install of Debian 11 with most applications and services ends up being about 4.9G with the journal taking a few gigs. 

    du -hs /var/log/journal/
    1.3G    /var/log/journal/

    By default in a lot of distributions there is no maximum size so it will keep growing.  This is especially problematic for embedded distributions and devices, but is also a huge waste of space.  In low IO storage devices it can actually create huge IOWait as well (eg. if you are running off a USB stick).

    Edit this file: 

    /etc/systemd/journald.conf

    Create a new line under the commented out #SystemMaxUse= line

    And set it like this:

    SystemMaxUse=50M

    Where 50M is going to be the maximum size of /var/log/journal

    It should now look like below.

     

     

     

    Final Step

    Restart journald to apply the new smaller max setting:

    systemctl restart systemd-journald
     

    du now shows the size is the maximum you set:

    du -hs /var/log/journal/
    49M    /var/log/journal/


  • Libreoffice Calc Opens CSV Spreadsheet File as Asian Language/Chinese Characters Solution Fix


    Usually LIbreoffice gets it right, but if it opens a normal English CSV as UTF-16 by default and shows Asian languages, you'll have ot manually open to fix it (don't double click the file from the File Manager).

    Solution - Manually Open the File After Opening LibreOffice Calc

    You'll see it is defaulting to UTF-16 which breaks everything.

     

    Click the dropdown for "Character set:" and then select UTF-8.

     

     

     

    After this your CSV should open and display correctly.


  • RTL8821AU Setup Configure Wifi Realtek 8821 in Linux Debian Mint Ubuntu Howto


    The easiest way for the 8821AU Realtek Wifi chipset / TP-Link T2U Plus:

    Bus 002 Device 003: ID 2357:0120 TP-Link Archer T2U PLUS [RTL8821AU]

    First install your kernel headers/source/other required tools:

    sudo apt install linux-headers-`uname -r` make gcc bc

    Clone this github repo with the driver:

    git clone https://github.com/morrownr/8821au-20210708

    Run the compile/install:

    cd 8821au-20210708

    bash install-driver.sh

    You will be presented with an editor menu like this for the default loading options

    If you are using it in managed mode the defaults are fine, otherwise if using as AP, the secondary commented options line is what you should choose.

    #
    # Purpose: Allow easy access to specific driver options.
    #
    # Edit the following line to change, add or delete options:
    options 8821au rtw_drv_log_level=1 rtw_led_ctrl=1 rtw_vht_enable=1 rtw_power_mgnt=1
    #
    # Note: The above `options` line is a good default for managed mode. Below is
    # an example for AP mode. Modify as required after reading the documentation:
    #options 8821au rtw_drv_log_level=1 rtw_led_ctrl=1 rtw_vht_enable=2 rtw_power_mgnt=1 rtw_dfs_region_domain=1

    Load the driver:

    modprobe 8821au

     

    # If you have an issue compiling with GCC 10, then try this.


    apt install gcc-9


    make CC=gcc-9 -j 4

    10.2.1-6


    root@routerOS:~/8821au-20210708# make -j 1
    make ARCH=x86_64 CROSS_COMPILE= -C /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/build M=/root/8821au-20210708  modules
    make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
      CC [M]  /root/8821au-20210708/core/rtw_cmd.o
    gcc-10: internal compiler error: Segmentation fault signal terminated program cc1
    Please submit a full bug report,
    with preprocessed source if appropriate.
    See

     

     

     

    This is a device that is not necessarily supported out of the box even by newer 4.x and 5.x kernels.

    You'll generally know it's not going well if you do an ifconfig wlan0 and find it doesn't exist or check your kernel log and see this:

    Aug 15 18:48:44 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6747.596070] usb 2-4: USB disconnect, device number 3
    Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.457262] usb 2-4: new high-speed USB device number 4 using ehci-pci
    Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.614436] usb 2-4: New USB device found, idVendor=2357, idProduct=0120, bcdDevice= 2.00
    Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.614445] usb 2-4: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
    Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.614452] usb 2-4: Product: 802.11ac WLAN Adapter
    Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.614457] usb 2-4: Manufacturer: Realtek
    Aug 15 18:48:46 ghettoRouter kernel: [ 6749.614462] usb 2-4: SerialNumber: 00e04c000001

     

    Solution - Step 1: Install Firmware/Other Stuff We Need

    Bus 002 Device 003: ID 2357:0120 TP-Link Archer T2U PLUS [RTL8821AU]

    apt install firmware-linux firmware-linux-nonfree firmware-misc-nonfree firmware-realtek zip build-essential iw

    The only one we really need is the firmware-realtek but why not get other firmware before we forget that we didn't install other firmware that may prevent other devices from working in the future :).

    We install zip because we'll need to unzip in the next step

    Step 2 - Compile RTL8821AU Driver

    We'll trust the folks from aircrack-ng but there are other repos with the driver:

    wget https://github.com/aircrack-ng/rtl8812au/archive/refs/heads/v5.6.4.2.zip

    unzip v5.6.4.2.zip

    cd rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/

    make -j 4
    make ARCH=x86_64 CROSS_COMPILE= -C /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/build M=/root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2  modules
    make[1]: Entering directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_cmd.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_security.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_debug.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_io.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ioctl_query.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ioctl_set.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ieee80211.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mlme.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mlme_ext.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mi.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_wlan_util.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_vht.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_pwrctrl.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rf.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_chplan.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_recv.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_sta_mgt.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ap.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_pathtbl.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_hwmp.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_xmit.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_p2p.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rson.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_tdls.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_br_ext.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_iol.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_sreset.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_btcoex_wifionly.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_btcoex.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_beamforming.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_odm.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rm.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rm_fsm.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/efuse/rtw_efuse.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/osdep_service.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/os_intfs.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/usb_intf.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/usb_ops_linux.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_linux.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/xmit_linux.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/mlme_linux.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/recv_linux.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_cfg80211.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/wifi_regd.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_android.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_proc.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_rhashtable.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_mp.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_intf.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_com.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_com_phycfg.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_phy.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_dm.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_dm_acs.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_btcoex_wifionly.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_btcoex.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_mp.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_mcc.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_hci/hal_usb.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/led/hal_led.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/led/hal_usb_led.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/HalPwrSeqCmd.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/Hal8812PwrSeq.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/Hal8821APwrSeq.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_xmit.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_sreset.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_hal_init.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_phycfg.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_rf6052.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_dm.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_rxdesc.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_cmd.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/usb_halinit.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_led.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_xmit.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_recv.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/usb_ops_linux.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8812A_USB.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_USB.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8812a_fw.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8821a_fw.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/Hal8814PwrSeq.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_xmit.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_sreset.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_hal_init.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_phycfg.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_rf6052.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_dm.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_rxdesc.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_cmd.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/hal8814a_fw.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/usb_halinit.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_led.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_xmit.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_recv.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/usb_ops_linux.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/HalEfuseMask8814A_USB.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_debug.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdiv.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_soml.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_smt_ant.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdect.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_interface.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_phystatus.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_hwconfig.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dig.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pathdiv.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_rainfo.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dynamictxpower.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_adaptivity.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_cfotracking.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_noisemonitor.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_beamforming.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_dfs.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/halcomtxbf.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfinterface.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/phydm_hal_txbf_api.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_adc_sampling.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_ccx.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_psd.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_primary_cca.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_cck_pd.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_rssi_monitor.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_auto_dbg.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_math_lib.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_api.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pow_train.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_lna_sat.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_pmac_tx_setting.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_mp.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_debug.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_ce.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_ce.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_kfree.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_mac.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_bb.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_rf.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_ce.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_regconfig8812a.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_rtl8812a.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfjaguar.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_mac.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_bb.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_rf.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_8821a_ce.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_regconfig8821a.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_rtl8821a.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_ce.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_bb.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_mac.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_rf.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_iqk_8814a.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_regconfig8814a.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_ce.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_rtl8814a.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8814a.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_ops.o
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mp.o
      LD [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/88XXau.o
      MODPOST /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/Module.symvers
      CC [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/88XXau.mod.o
      LD [M]  /root/rtl8821/rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/88XXau.ko
    make[1]: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-headers-5.10.0-16-amd64'
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Visit https://github.com/aircrack-ng/rtl8812au for support/reporting issues
    or check for newer versions (branches) of these drivers.                   
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     

    make install
    install -p -m 644 88XXau.ko  /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless/
    /sbin/depmod -a 5.10.0-16-amd64
     

    [29061.625185] usb 2-4: new high-speed USB device number 9 using ehci-pci
    [29061.782335] usb 2-4: New USB device found, idVendor=2357, idProduct=0120, bcdDevice= 2.00
    [29061.782344] usb 2-4: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
    [29061.782350] usb 2-4: Product: 802.11ac WLAN Adapter
    [29061.782356] usb 2-4: Manufacturer: Realtek
    [29061.782361] usb 2-4: SerialNumber: 00e04c000001
    [29061.962217] usb 2-4: 88XXau  hw_info[107]
    [29061.997451] rtl88XXau 2-4:1.0 ____n_: renamed from xc0x06xc3xd0nxfc
     

    #not working after install

    [28226.318168] usb 2-4: New USB device found, idVendor=2357, idProduct=0120, bcdDevice= 2.00
    [28226.318177] usb 2-4: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
    [28226.318183] usb 2-4: Product: 802.11ac WLAN Adapter
    [28226.318189] usb 2-4: Manufacturer: Realtek
    [28226.318195] usb 2-4: SerialNumber: 00e04c000001
    [28226.344887] 88XXau: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
    [28226.352166] 88XXau: module verification failed: signature and/or required key missing - tainting kernel
    [28226.589795] usb 2-4: 88XXau  hw_info[107]
    [28226.595414] usbcore: registered new interface driver rtl88XXau
    [28226.611670] rtl88XXau 2-4:1.0 ____n_: renamed from xc0x06xc3xd0nxfc
     

    ____n_: flags=4098

    root@routerOS:~# apt install ./realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms_5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1_all.deb ./realtek-rtl8814au-dkms_5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3_all.deb
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree... Done
    Reading state information... Done
    Note, selecting 'realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms' instead of './realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms_5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1_all.deb'
    Note, selecting 'realtek-rtl8814au-dkms' instead of './realtek-rtl8814au-dkms_5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3_all.deb'
    The following additional packages will be installed:
      bc dctrl-tools dkms linux-headers-amd64 sudo
    Suggested packages:
      debtags menu
    The following NEW packages will be installed:
      bc dctrl-tools dkms linux-headers-amd64 realtek-rtl8814au-dkms realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms sudo
    0 upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
    Need to get 1,351 kB/4,804 kB of archives.
    After this operation, 35.7 MB of additional disk space will be used.
    Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
    Get:1 /root/realtek-rtl8814au-dkms_5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3_all.deb realtek-rtl8814au-dkms all 5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3 [1,659 kB]
    Get:2 /root/realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms_5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1_all.deb realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms all 5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1 [1,794 kB]
    Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 dctrl-tools amd64 2.24-3+b1 [104 kB]
    Get:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 dkms all 2.8.4-3 [78.2 kB]
    Get:5 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 bc amd64 1.07.1-2+b2 [109 kB]                                   
    Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 linux-headers-amd64 amd64 5.10.127-1 [1,172 B]                  
    Get:7 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main amd64 sudo amd64 1.9.5p2-3 [1,059 kB]                                 
    Fetched 1,351 kB in 12s (115 kB/s)                                                                                     
    Selecting previously unselected package dctrl-tools.
    (Reading database ... 55141 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack .../0-dctrl-tools_2.24-3+b1_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking dctrl-tools (2.24-3+b1) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package dkms.
    Preparing to unpack .../1-dkms_2.8.4-3_all.deb ...
    Unpacking dkms (2.8.4-3) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package bc.
    Preparing to unpack .../2-bc_1.07.1-2+b2_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking bc (1.07.1-2+b2) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-amd64.
    Preparing to unpack .../3-linux-headers-amd64_5.10.127-1_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking linux-headers-amd64 (5.10.127-1) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package realtek-rtl8814au-dkms.
    Preparing to unpack .../4-realtek-rtl8814au-dkms_5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3_all.deb ...
    Unpacking realtek-rtl8814au-dkms (5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms.
    Preparing to unpack .../5-realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms_5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1_all.deb ...
    Unpacking realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms (5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1) ...
    Selecting previously unselected package sudo.
    Preparing to unpack .../6-sudo_1.9.5p2-3_amd64.deb ...
    Unpacking sudo (1.9.5p2-3) ...
    Setting up linux-headers-amd64 (5.10.127-1) ...
    Setting up bc (1.07.1-2+b2) ...
    Setting up sudo (1.9.5p2-3) ...
    Setting up dctrl-tools (2.24-3+b1) ...
    Setting up dkms (2.8.4-3) ...
    Setting up realtek-rtl8814au-dkms (5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3) ...
    Loading new realtek-rtl8814au-5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239 DKMS files...
    Building for 5.10.0-16-amd64
    Building initial module for 5.10.0-16-amd64
    Done.

    8814au.ko:
    Running module version sanity check.
     - Original module
       - No original module exists within this kernel
     - Installation
       - Installing to /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/updates/dkms/

    depmod..............................

    DKMS: install completed.
    Setting up realtek-rtl88xxau-dkms (5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e-0kali1) ...
    Loading new realtek-rtl88xxau-5.6.4.2~git20220606.cab4e4e DKMS files...
    Building for 5.10.0-16-amd64
    Building initial module for 5.10.0-16-amd64
    Done.

    88XXau.ko:
    Running module version sanity check.
     - Original module
       - No original module exists within this kernel
     - Installation
       - Installing to /lib/modules/5.10.0-16-amd64/updates/dkms/

    depmod.........

    DKMS: install completed.
    Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.4-2) ...
    N: Download is performed unsandboxed as root as file '/root/realtek-rtl8814au-dkms_5.8.5.1~git20220614.af00239-0kali3_all.deb' couldn't be accessed by user '_apt'. - pkgAcquire::Run (13: Permission denied)
     

     

     

     

    unzip output:
    4ab079f7cb172740c7abc8cbd6e6383bef0f65dc
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/.github/
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/.github/workflows/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/.github/workflows/build.yml  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/.gitignore  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/Kconfig  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/LICENSE  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/Makefile  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/README.md  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/ReleaseNotes.pdf  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_10.x/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_10.x/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_10.pdf  
     extracting: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_10.x/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_10_x_20191008.tgz  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_10.x/wpa_supplicant_8_10.x_rtw_29226.20191002.tgz  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_JB_4.2/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_JB_4.2/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_JB_4.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_JB_4.2/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
     extracting: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_JB_4.2/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_JB_4.2_20130208.tar.gz  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_KK_4.4/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_KK_4.4/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_KK_4.4.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_KK_4.4/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_KK_4.4/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_KK_4.4_20140117.tar.gz  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_L_5.x/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_L_5.x/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_L_5.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_L_5.x/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
     extracting: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_L_5.x/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_L_5.x_20150811.tgz  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_M_6.x/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_M_6.x/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_M_6.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_M_6.x/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
     extracting: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_M_6.x/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_M_6.x_20151116.tgz  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_N_7.0/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_N_7.0/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_N_7.0.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_N_7.0/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_N_7.0/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_N_7.0_20161024.zip  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_O_8.0/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_O_8.0/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_O_8.0.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_O_8.0/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_O_8.0/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_O_8.0_20181001.tar.gz  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_P_9.x/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_P_9.x/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_P_9.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_P_9.x/linux-3.0.42_STATION_INFO_ASSOC_REQ_IES.diff  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/android_ref_codes_P_9.x/realtek_wifi_SDK_for_android_P_9.x_20181001.tar.gz  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/p2p_hostapd.conf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/rtl_hostapd_2G.conf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/rtl_hostapd_5G.conf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_0_8.conf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_L_5.x_rtw_r24600.20171025.tar.gz  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_M_6.x_rtw_r24570.20171025.tar.gz  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_N_7.x_rtw_r24577.20171025.tar.gz  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_O_8.x_rtw_r33457.20190507.tar.gz  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_P_9.x_rtw_r29226.20180827.tar.gz  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_jb_4.1_rtw_r24646.20171025.tar.gz  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_jb_4.2_rtw_r25670.20171213.tar.gz  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_jb_4.3_rtw_r25671.20171213.tar.gz  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_8_kk_4.4_rtw_r25669.20171213.tar.gz  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/android/wpa_supplicant_hostapd/wpa_supplicant_hostapd-0.8_rtw_r24647.20171025.tar.gz  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/efuse/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/efuse/rtw_efuse.c  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_hwmp.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_hwmp.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_pathtbl.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/mesh/rtw_mesh_pathtbl.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ap.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_beamforming.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_br_ext.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_bt_mp.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_btcoex.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_btcoex_wifionly.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_chplan.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_chplan.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_cmd.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_debug.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_eeprom.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ieee80211.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_io.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ioctl_query.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ioctl_rtl.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_ioctl_set.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_iol.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mem.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mi.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mlme.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mlme_ext.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mp.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_mp_ioctl.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_odm.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_p2p.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_pwrctrl.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_recv.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rf.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rm.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rm_fsm.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_rson.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_sdio.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_security.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_sreset.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_sta_mgt.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_tdls.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_vht.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_wapi.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_wapi_sms4.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_wlan_util.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/core/rtw_xmit.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/dkms.conf  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Driver_Configuration_for_RF_Regulatory_Certification.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/HowTo_enable_and_verify_TDLS_function_in_Wi-Fi_driver.pdf  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/How_to_enable_Realtek_RSON_function.pdf  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/LinuxDriver_MP_Iwpriv_UserGuide_V3.doc  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Miracast_for_Realtek_WiFi.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Quick_Start_Guide_for_Adaptivity_and_Carrier_Sensing_Test.pdf  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/RTK_P2P_WFD_Programming_guide.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/RTL8812AU-CG-RealtekMicroelectronics.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Realtek_Wi-Fi_SDK_for_Android_O_8.0.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/Realtek_WiFi_concurrent_mode_Introduction.pdf  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/rtl8712-d0-1-programming-guide-20090601.doc  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/docs/wpa_cli_with_wpa_supplicant.pdf  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/
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       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/efuse_mask.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8812A_PCIE.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8812A_PCIE.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8812A_USB.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8812A_USB.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_PCIE.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_PCIE.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_SDIO.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_SDIO.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_USB.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8812a/HalEfuseMask8821A_USB.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/HalEfuseMask8814A_PCIE.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/HalEfuseMask8814A_PCIE.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/HalEfuseMask8814A_USB.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/efuse/rtl8814a/HalEfuseMask8814A_USB.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_btcoex.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_btcoex_wifionly.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_com.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_com_c2h.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_halmac.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_halmac.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_hci/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_hci/hal_usb.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_intf.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_mcc.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_mp.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/hal_phy.c  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/led/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/led/hal_led.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/led/hal_usb_led.c  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/ap_makefile.mk  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halhwimg.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_ap.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_ap.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_ce.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_ce.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_iot.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_iot.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_win.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halphyrf_win.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_debug.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_debug.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_dpk.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_features.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_iqk.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_kfree.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_kfree.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_ap.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_ap.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_ce.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_ce.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_iot.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_iot.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_win.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_powertracking_win.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_psd.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_psd.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_txgapcal.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/halrf_txgapcal.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_ap.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_ap.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_ce.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_ce.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_win.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8812a/halrf_8812a_win.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_ap.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_ap.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_ce.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_ce.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_win.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_8814a_win.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_iqk_8814a.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8814a/halrf_iqk_8814a.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_8821a_ce.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_8821a_ce.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_8821a_win.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_8821a_win.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_ap.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_ap.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_ce.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_ce.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_win.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/halrf/rtl8821a/halrf_iqk_8821a_win.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/mp_precomp.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm.c  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm.mk  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_adc_sampling.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_adc_sampling.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdect.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdect.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdiv.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_antdiv.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_api.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_api.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_auto_dbg.c  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_ccx.c  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_cfotracking.c  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_debug.c  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_features_ce2_kernel.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_hwconfig.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_hwconfig.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_interface.c  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/phydm_types.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_bb.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_bb.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_mac.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_mac.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_rf.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/halhwimg8812a_rf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_regconfig8812a.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_regconfig8812a.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_rtl8812a.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/phydm_rtl8812a.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8812a/version_rtl8812a.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/hal8814areg_odm.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_bb.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_bb.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_fw.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_mac.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_mac.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_rf.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halhwimg8814a_rf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halphyrf_8814a_ap.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halphyrf_8814a_ap.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halphyrf_8814a_win.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/halphyrf_8814a_win.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_regconfig8814a.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_regconfig8814a.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_rtl8814a.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/phydm_rtl8814a.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8814a/version_rtl8814a.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_bb.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_bb.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_mac.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_mac.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_rf.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/halhwimg8821a_rf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_regconfig8821a.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_regconfig8821a.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_rtl8821a.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/phydm_rtl8821a.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/rtl8821a/version_rtl8821a.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/sd4_phydm_2_kernel.mk  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/halcomtxbf.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/halcomtxbf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8192e.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8192e.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8814a.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8814a.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8822b.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbf8822b.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfinterface.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfinterface.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfjaguar.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/haltxbfjaguar.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/phydm_hal_txbf_api.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/phydm/txbf/phydm_hal_txbf_api.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/Hal8812PwrSeq.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/Hal8821APwrSeq.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8812a_fw.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8812a_fw.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8821a_fw.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/hal8821a_fw.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_cmd.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_dm.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_hal_init.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_phycfg.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_rf6052.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_rxdesc.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_sreset.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/rtl8812a_xmit.c  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_led.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_recv.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/rtl8812au_xmit.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/usb_halinit.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8812a/usb/usb_ops_linux.c  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/Hal8814PwrSeq.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/hal8814a_fw.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_cmd.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_dm.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_hal_init.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_phycfg.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_rf6052.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_rxdesc.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_sreset.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/rtl8814a_xmit.c  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_led.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_recv.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/rtl8814au_xmit.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/usb_halinit.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/hal/rtl8814a/usb/usb_ops_linux.c  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8812PhyCfg.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8812PhyReg.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8812PwrSeq.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8814PhyCfg.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8814PhyReg.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8814PwrSeq.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/Hal8821APwrSeq.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/HalPwrSeqCmd.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/HalVerDef.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/basic_types.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/big_endian.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/generic.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/little_endian.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/swab.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/byteorder/swabb.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/circ_buf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/cmd_osdep.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/cmn_info/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/cmn_info/rtw_sta_info.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/custom_gpio.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_conf.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_types_gspi.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/drv_types_linux.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/gspi_hal.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/gspi_ops.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/gspi_ops_linux.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/gspi_osintf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/h2clbk.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_btcoex.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_com.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_com_h2c.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_pg.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/hal_sdio.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/ieee80211.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/ieee80211_ext.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/if_ether.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/ip.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/linux/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/linux/old_unused_rtl_wireless.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/mlme_osdep.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/nic_spec.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/osdep_service_bsd.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/osdep_service_linux.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/osdep_service_xp.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/pci_hal.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/pci_ops.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/pci_osintf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/recv_osdep.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_cmd.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_dm.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8812a_hal.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8814a_xmit.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8821a_spec.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl8821a_xmit.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtl_autoconf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_android.h  
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     extracting: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_version.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/rtw_vht.h  
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      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_hal.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_ops.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_ops_ce.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_ops_linux.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_ops_xp.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sdio_osintf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/sta_info.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/usb_hal.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/usb_ops.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/usb_ops_linux.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/usb_osintf.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/usb_vendor_req.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/wifi.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/wlan_bssdef.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/include/xmit_osdep.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/custom_gpio_linux.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_cfg80211.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_cfg80211.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_linux.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/ioctl_mp.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/mlme_linux.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/os_intfs.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/recv_linux.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rhashtable.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rhashtable.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_android.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_proc.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_proc.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_rhashtable.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/rtw_rhashtable.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/usb_intf.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/usb_ops_linux.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/wifi_regd.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/linux/xmit_linux.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/os_dep/osdep_service.c  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/custom_country_chplan.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_ARM_SUN50IW1P1_sdio.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_ARM_SUNnI_sdio.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_ARM_SUNxI_sdio.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_ARM_SUNxI_usb.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_ARM_WMT_sdio.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_RTK_DMP_usb.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_aml_s905_sdio.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_aml_s905_sdio.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_arm_act_sdio.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_hisilicon_hi3798_sdio.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_hisilicon_hi3798_sdio.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_ops.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_ops.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_sprd_sdio.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_zte_zx296716_sdio.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/platform/platform_zte_zx296716_sdio.h  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/RtkMpTool-ReadMe.txt  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/RtkMpTool.apk  
       creating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/WiFi_Direct_User_Interface/
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/WiFi_Direct_User_Interface/Android.mk  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/WiFi_Direct_User_Interface/Start_Guide_P2P_User_Interface_Linux.pdf  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/WiFi_Direct_User_Interface/install.sh  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/WiFi_Direct_User_Interface/p2p_api_test_linux.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/WiFi_Direct_User_Interface/p2p_test.h  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/WiFi_Direct_User_Interface/p2p_ui_test_linux.c  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/analyze_suspend.py  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/checkpatch.pl  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/const_structs.checkpatch  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/rtwpriv.zip  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/spelling.txt  
      inflating: rtl8812au-5.6.4.2/tools/wireless_tools_android.tar.gz  
     


  • How To Tell Which Repository a Package Comes From Debian Mint Ubuntu


    Just use apt-cache policy to find the repo of a package:

    apt-cache policy lxd
    lxd:
      Installed: 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.2
      Candidate: 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.2
      Version table:
     *** 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.2 500
            500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages
            100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
         3.0.0-0ubuntu4 500
            500 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages

    Or use apt show

    apt show lxd
    Package: lxd
    Version: 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.2
    Built-Using: golang-1.10 (= 1.10.4-2ubuntu1~18.04.2)
    Priority: optional
    Section: admin
    Origin: Ubuntu
    Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
    Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
    Installed-Size: 20.6 MB
    Depends: acl, adduser, dnsmasq-base, ebtables, iproute2, iptables, liblxc1 (>= 2.1.0~), lsb-base (>= 3.0-6), lxcfs, lxd-client (= 3.0.3-0ubuntu1~18.04.2), passwd (>= 1:4.1.5.1-1ubuntu5~), rsync, squashfs-tools, uidmap (>= 1:4.1.5.1-1ubuntu5~), xdelta3, xz-utils, libacl1 (>= 2.2.51-8), libc6 (>= 2.14), libuv1 (>= 1.4.2)
    Recommends: apparmor
    Suggests: criu, lxd-tools
    Homepage: https://linuxcontainers.org/
    Task: cloud-image, server
    Supported: 5y
    Download-Size: 5,199 kB
    APT-Manual-Installed: yes
    APT-Sources: http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 Packages
    Description: Container hypervisor based on LXC - daemon
     LXD offers a REST API to remotely manage containers over the network,
     using an image based workflow and with support for live migration.
     .
     This package contains the LXD daemon.

    N: There is 1 additional record. Please use the '-a' switch to see it


  • How To Reload All Kernel Modules And List Required Moduels for Each Device - Linux Mint Debian Ubuntu Troubleshooting


    One easy way is to use lspci -k like this:

    sudo lspci -k|grep modules|sort -nr|uniq
        Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
        Kernel modules: shpchp
        Kernel modules: pata_acpi
        Kernel modules: nvidiafb, nouveau, nvidia_drm, nvidia
        Kernel modules: mei_me
        Kernel modules: lpc_ich
        Kernel modules: isci
        Kernel modules: ioatdma
        Kernel modules: i2c_i801
        Kernel modules: e1000e
        Kernel modules: ahci
     

    This is a great way of troubleshooting what modules your system actually needs and uses.  It's also good for troubleshooting in the case that a device like a NIC or soundcard does not work.  It could be that the kernel module is missing and this is an easy way of finding it.

    That is the clean version but you could use the full output to understand which device each module is related to.

    Let's say you wanted to load the e1000e NIC driver, you would use "modprobe e1000e".  If it didn't work or was not found, then you know the issue is a missing kernel module.  This either means your kernel does not support the device OR it does not have all of the kernel modules available, installed.

    See this for how to install 'extra' kernel modules

     


  • Debian Ubuntu Mint How To Change Default Display Manager


    The display manager is more so what controls the main graphical login process after Debian/Mint/Ubuntu boot and controls the graphical login sequence.  Once you login, you are then usually passed to an Xorg based Window manager like XFCE, Mate, Ubuntu etc...

    Popular display managers are mdm, gdm, lightdm etc... and they all basically do the same thing with a different interface/style and some feature differences.

    In Mint for example the normal default display manager is lightdm and it is defined by this file:

    /etc/X11/default-display-manager

    Here are the contents of "default-display-manager":

    /usr/sbin/lightdm
     

    What really makes a different is your window manager, whether that is XFCE, Mate, Ubuntu etc.. and is controlled in this file:

    /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/70-linuxmint.conf

    /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/70-linuxmint.conf

    [SeatDefaults]
    user-session=mate

    If you wanted to use XFCE instead, you would change "user-session=xfce" and then restart the window manager (eg. systemctl restart lightdm).

    You can also choose the Window Manager before logging in by clicking a button near the login area, which will show you the available Window managers (so for example if you wanted to login this time using XFCE, you could select that).


  • Ubuntu Mint Debian Howto Execute Command / Script / Program Upon Wakeup From Sleep


    Sometimes manual intervention on various Linux system's, including Debian, is required to fix things after waking up from sleep.

    One persistent issue is the sound system / pulseaudio needing to be reset and not working until you do that after waking up.  It's not clear if it's an OS issue itself or the sound driver, but this will fix things.

    Where do we put scripts or commands that need to be used upon wakeup automatically?

    /lib/systemd/system-sleep

    Any scripts placed there are executed automatically.

    An example wakeup script is below and is created in the system-sleep directory mentioned above:

    #!/bin/bash

    case "$1" in
        post)
            /usr/bin/pulseaudio -k
            ;;
    esac

    *Be sure the script has +x so it can be executed.

     

    The best way is above, it will make sure it is "post sleep", and only then will the script be executed.  In the above example it just runs "pulseaudio -k" to kill, which restarts pulseaudio and get the sound working.  You can modify the base script to execute whatever command you need.


  • Linux Debian Mint Ubuntu How To Add Non-Free Repositories and Contrib


    You just add on "non-free" at the end of each repo, like the example below:

    If you wanted contributed packages then you could also add "non-free contrib" to each repo line.

    Don't forget to do an "apt update" to see the new packages, this is especially handy for getting more drivers for devices with the firmware-linux-nonfree package.

     


  • Debian Ubuntu Mint DHCP dhclient quits and how to make it persistent if first attempt to get DHCP lease fails


    Debian based OS's have a similar issue as the behavior in RHEL/CentOS dhclient, which is that if you have an interface that relies on DHCP, if the first attempt fails, it will quit and stop.  This is a problem especially if you are using your Linux as a router or something else mission critical, but where the internet for some reason may have been down or the DHCP server it gets a lease from broken.

    The expected behavior you would hope is that when things are back online that the device will get a lease, but this is not the default behavior.  The default is to quit dhclient.

    The Debian/Mint/Ubuntu Solution

    Fortunately you can just edit /etc/network/interfaces and add this line for your NIC (assuming it is eth0):

    allow-hotplug will give us the desired behavior, you can test it yourself that even if the NIC is offline or internet is down, dhclient will still be running for the interfaces specified under allow-hotplug.

    allow-hotplug eth0

    This is the equivalent solution to the RHEL/Centos DHCP Persistent Solution

     


  • ssh Too many authentication failures not prompting for password


    If you get this error when trying to SSH to a device or machine and you never even got a password prompt:

    Too many authentication failures

    This means that either the remote side is configured for key auth only, OR your client side may be attempting to auth using mulitple keys, and that exceeds the amount of attempted authorizations on the remote ssh server.

    If the issue is trying to auth too many times which ssh defaults to sending the keys to, you can set a preference when connecting that prefers password auth first:

    ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password user@remotehost


  • LightDM Mint Ubuntu Debian won't start errors Nvidia Graphics


    This error implies that there may be an issue with Xorg or maybe your NVIDIA GPU cannot start or initialize:

     

    35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.857704] nvidia: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
    35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.857724] nvidia: module license 'NVIDIA' taints kernel.
    35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.857725] Disabling lock debugging due to kernel taint
    35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.873280] nvidia: module verification failed: signature and/or required key missing - tainting kernel
    35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.889584] nvidia-nvlink: Nvlink Core is being initialized, major device number 240
    35 laptop kernel: [ 2031.891260] nvidia 0000:04:00.0: vgaarb: changed VGA decodes: olddecodes=io+mem,decodes=none:owns=io+mem
    36 laptop kernel: [ 2032.007089] NVRM: loading NVIDIA UNIX x86_64 Kernel Module  515.48.07  Fri May 27 03:26:43 UTC 2022
    36 laptop systemd[1]: nvidia-persistenced.service: Unit not needed anymore. Stopping.
    36 laptop systemd[1]: Requested transaction contradicts existing jobs: Transaction is destructive.
    36 laptop systemd[1]: nvidia-persistenced.service: Failed to enqueue stop job, ignoring: Transaction is destructive.
    36 laptop systemd[1]: Starting NVIDIA Persistence Daemon...
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Verbose syslog connection opened
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Now running with user ID 126 and group ID 135
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Started (29843)
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: device 0000:04:00.0 - registered
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Local RPC services initialized
    36 laptop systemd[1]: Started NVIDIA Persistence Daemon.
    36 laptop systemd[1]: nvidia-persistenced.service: Unit not needed anymore. Stopping.
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Received signal 15
    36 laptop systemd[1]: Stopping NVIDIA Persistence Daemon...
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Socket closed.
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: PID file unlocked.
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: PID file closed.
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: The daemon no longer has permission to remove its runtime data directory /var/run/nvidia-persistenced
    36 laptop nvidia-persistenced: Shutdown (29843)
    36 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped NVIDIA Persistence Daemon.
    36 laptop kernel: [ 2032.033697] nvidia-modeset: Loading NVIDIA Kernel Mode Setting Driver for UNIX platforms  515.48.07  Fri May 27 03:18:00 UTC 2022
    36 laptop kernel: [ 2032.054319] [drm] [nvidia-drm] [GPU ID 0x00000400] Loading driver
    36 laptop kernel: [ 2032.054322] [drm] Initialized nvidia-drm 0.0.0 20160202 for 0000:04:00.0 on minor 0
    36 laptop kernel: [ 2032.063471] nvidia-uvm: Loaded the UVM driver, major device number 237.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes...
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Started Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Light Display Manager...
    40 laptop lightdm[29935]: Seat type 'xlocal' is deprecated, use 'type=local' instead
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 1.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped Light Display Manager.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes...
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Started Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Light Display Manager...
    40 laptop lightdm[29958]: Seat type 'xlocal' is deprecated, use 'type=local' instead
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 2.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped Light Display Manager.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes...
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Started Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Light Display Manager...
    40 laptop lightdm[29981]: Seat type 'xlocal' is deprecated, use 'type=local' instead
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 3.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped Light Display Manager.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes...
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Started Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Light Display Manager...
    40 laptop lightdm[30004]: Seat type 'xlocal' is deprecated, use 'type=local' instead
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
    40 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
    40 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 4.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped Light Display Manager.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes...
    41 laptop systemd[1]: Started Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: Starting Light Display Manager...
    41 laptop lightdm[30028]: Seat type 'xlocal' is deprecated, use 'type=local' instead
    41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
    41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Service hold-off time over, scheduling restart.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Scheduled restart job, restart counter is at 5.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: Stopped Light Display Manager.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: gpu-manager.service: Start request repeated too quickly.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: gpu-manager.service: Failed with result 'start-limit-hit'.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Detect the available GPUs and deal with any system changes.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Start request repeated too quickly.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: lightdm.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
    41 laptop systemd[1]: Failed to start Light Display Manager.

    Solution

    Careful, you could have mdm as the default display manager, which is why this doesn't work.

    If you are not sure the easiest way is to do this:

    sudo apt remove mdm

    After this, lightdm should start.


  • WARNING: Unable to determine the path to install the libglvnd EGL vendor library config files. Check that you have pkg-config and the libglvnd development libraries installed, or specify a path with --glvnd-egl-config-path. Linux Ubuntu Mint Debian E


    If you get an error like this when installing the Nvidia drivers:


    WARNING: Unable to determine the path to install the libglvnd EGL vendor library config files. Check that you have pkg-config and the libglvnd development libraries installed, or specify a path with --glvnd-egl-config-path.

    Just install these packages:                                

           
    sudo apt install pkg-config libglvnd-dev


  • How To Upgrade Linux Mint 18.2 to 18.3 to 19.x and 20.x


    Linux Mint offers an easy and painless upgrade path through the last 3 versions, which means no more reinstalling to stay current with the latest version.

    The only catch is that you need the latest of each version, so for 18, you need 18.3 before you can go to 19, and then 19.3 (or latest), until you go to 20.  However, it's really a small price to pay and on the machines we've tested, the upgrade went seamlessly each time (although sometimes video drivers/custom kernel modules like Nvidia get messed up and need to be reinstalled).

     

    Notes before getting started:

    You may be asked where to install grub to, which should be the same as the current install device.  If you have multiple disks you could choose them all if you are not sure (be sure you don't choose a disk that has an existing OS that it boots from though):

     

     

    Step 1.) Get the latest version of Linux Mint 18 (18.3)

    You will need to install timeshift and create a restore point or the installer won't let you proceed.

    sudo apt install timeshift

    If you want to take the risk of something going wrong and having a messed up OS you can create this file to bypass the timeshift restore point check:  /etc/timeshift.json

    From the GUI go to your update manager and you should see the option to upgrade to 18.3

    From the CLI (if you are an experienced admin), do this:

    #backup the original official package repo list
    cp /etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list ~

    #edit the package repo list, change sonya to sylvia
    sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list
    sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
     

    You can now reboot and then update to Mint 19, or if you want to be dangerous you can do it right away without rebooting.

     

    If you using the GUI you should see this after successful upgrade:

    Step 2.) Update to Mint 19

    Mint 19 upgrade errors if it doesn't go like below:

    Now that you have Mint 18.3 you can install the utility called "mintupgrade".

    sudo apt install mintupgrade

    Run the mintupgrade command:

    mintupgrade upgrade

    You should see something like this:

    Now run this command to get Mint 19:

    mintupgrade upgrade

    After this is done, reboot and you can then do step 3.

    Note you'll be prompted several times for your user password (sudo) and after you are all done you should see this:

     

    Step 3.) Upgrade to Mint 20

    mintupgrade upgrade

    You should now see that you are being prompted to upgrade to Mint 20.  Follow the prompts and you should be good.

     

    Mint 19 Upgrade Errors:

    You will need lightdm as your display manager, rather than mdm, otherwise you get this error:

    "ERROR: MDM is no longer supported in Linux Mint 19, please switch to LightDM"

    Solve the MDM error by installing lightdm:

    sudo apt install lightdm

    When installing lightdm, you will be asked to choose the default DM, which must be set as LightDM:

     An error occurred

    mint-meta-core: dependency problems - leaving unconfigured

    mint-meta-mate: dependency problems - leaving unconfigured

     

    These packages seem to be installed upon a new default install, so it's likely that the error is not something to worry about and has been observed on many successful upgrades (upgrades that were good after reboot)

     

    Mint Upgrade Broken Stuff

    Some of the items that do seem to get broken are that Caja bookmarks are all gone, which is a pain if you had a bunch or needed them.

    The "Locations"/Different Timezones in the tray don't work and do not display, it almost seems like the theme or template has broken them as they are still shown under "Edit".

    To fix the Locations/Calendar issue just remove the clock applet, readd and reconfigure and it will be good again.

     

     


  • MP3s Won't Play / ID3 Version 2.4 Issues in Cars and Other MP3 Players/CDs/DVDs Solution


    ID3 2.4 can cause various MP3 players, especially on vehicles or even computers, not to play or at least not to display the ID3 tags.

    In many cases though, since ID3 2.4 is much different than version 2.3, it will cause some players, especially in cars like Lexus not to play.  Even on the computer, you may notice if you check the properties of the MP3 that it won't open or show any details (eg. frequency, bitrate and ID3 tags).

    One symptom of this in a vehicle (eg. Leuxs, VW) is you have a player that just skips through each song and doesn't play the MP3.  A firmware update can often fix this, but if you can't get the update or are afraid to update, or the dealer won't do it for some reason, then you should follow this guide.

    I tried to older MP3s and found that the offending player did play them just fine.

    I wondered why an old file played OK and checked using the "file tool":

    file goodfile.mp3
    goodfile.mp3: MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 192 kbps, 44.1 kHz, JntStereo

    As you can see above, the tool clearly identified the file as being an MP3.

    Then I took an example of some files that didn't play:

    file somefile-fixed.mp3
    somefile-fixed.mp3: Audio file with ID3 version 2.4.0

    Hmm, this is different notice that it just says "Audio file" with ID3 2.4

    Then I reverse engineered how some firmware may use similar tools or checks, "Audio file" is not the same as the output in the good file, which it was likely grepping on or looking for in some similar manner.

    Let's remove the ID3 2.4 tag or convert to another version

    sudo apt install libid3-tools

    We can use the id3convert tool to strip which will solve the problem, but we probably would still prefer to keep the tags.

    id3convert -s somefile-fixed.mp3
    Converting somefile-fixed.mp3: attempting v1 and v2, stripped v2

    But note that if we check the file, it appears to be a "normal" MP3 according to what I believe many firmwares would expect:

    file somefile-fixed.mp3
    somefile-fixed.mp3: MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 128 kbps, 44.1 kHz, JntStereo

    We could use the convert -2 option which would preserve the tag if it had one:

    id3convert -2 somefile.mp3
    Converting somefile.mp3: attempting v2, converted no tag

    The lesson here is just remove ID3 2.4 or convert them to an earlier version and they should now play.
     

    Some things that didn't work:

    I tried using lame to reencode but it still kept the id3 2.4 tags as well.

    I tried using the mp3info -d switch tool to remove the tags, but it appears to not support ID3 2.4 so it didn't actually remove them.


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