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    This is mainly for if you've done something silly like trying to clone a Live, running VM image. In this example, the VM initially finds grub and tries to boot but is kicked straight into initramfs rescue mode/busybox right after this. If you've done this "silly" thing, you could have dataloss but a lot of times just using fsck will fix it as you are guaranteed at best to have some corruption and inconsistencies in the filesystem. My theory is that some files wer........

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    apt install tftpd-hpa #change TFTP_ADDRESS to by setting address to 192.168.1.1:69 or the IP you need, otherwise it will listen on all IPs and interfaces which could be a security risk. # edit /etc/default/tftpd-hpa TFTP_USERNAME="tftp" TFTP_DIRECTORY="/srv/tftp" TFTP_ADDRESS="192.168.1.1:69" TFTP_OPTIONS="--secure"........

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    This sometimes happens when trying to install the EFIversion of grub to a device when you are booted into Legacy/MBR mode. It doesn't seem to occur on all machines, but some and seems somewhat BIOS dependent. grub-install --target=x86_64-efi /dev/sda Installing for x86_64-efi platform. grub-install.real: warning: Couldn't find physical volume `(null)'. Some modules may be missing from core image.. grub-install.real: warning: Couldn't find physica........

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    Is python3-pip pip3 not working anymore? Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/bin/pip3", line 11, in sys.exit(main()) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/__init__.py", line 11, in main from pip._internal.utils.entrypoints import _wrapper File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/pip/_interna........

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    A lot of companies are unsure which solution to choose and many may not be aware of Docker Swarm as an alternative to Kubernetes. One thing that many Sysadmins find is that Docker Swarm is simply easier, quicker to setup and maintain by far than Kubernetes.........

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    First we need a few extra packages: apt update apt install -y adduser libfontconfig1 musl sudo wget https://dl.grafana.com/enterprise/release/grafana-enterprise_10.3.1_amd64.deb Install / Enable Grafana dpkg -i grafana-enterprise_10.3.1_amd64.deb dpkg -i grafana-enterprise_10.3.1_amd64.deb (Reading database ... 44309 files and directories currently installed.) Preparin........

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    find /usr/share/zoneinfo/|sed s#"/usr/share/zoneinfo/"##g|grep "/"|grep -v posix|grep -v ^"Etc/"|grep -v ^right|grep -v ^"SystemV" Africa/Addis_Ababa Africa/Abidjan Africa/Blantyre Africa/Lusaka Africa/Casablanca Africa/Libreville Africa/Asmara Africa/Bujumbura Africa/Dakar Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo Africa/Harare Africa/Kigali........

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  • apache2 httpd apache server will not start [pid 22449:tid 139972160445760] AH00052: child pid 23248 exit signal Aborted (6) solution Mint Debian Ubuntu Redhat


    If you get this error, it is often because you have configured Apache with modules that weren't actually installed. Eg. you try to load the PHPmodule but didn't actually install the apache2 php module, so the server can't start. In general, this error can often be caused by issues with problematic modules and/or Apache being configured for modules that have not actually be installed (eg. libapache2-mod-php) is missing. The above results in this less than obv........

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    You'll notice that /etc/resolv.conf contains dire warners on most Linux Desktops. # This file is managed by man:systemd-resolved(8). Do not edit. # # This is a dynamic resolv.conf file for connecting local clients to the # internal DNS stub resolver of systemd-resolved. This file lists all # configured search domains. # # Run "resolvectl status" to see details about the uplink DNS servers # currently in use........

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    How to check what kernel version you have/currently running? uname -rm 5.4.0-91-generic x86_64 The above shows us that we are running 5.4.0-91-generic on the x86_64 architecture. The safest way is to stick with the same flavor eg if you're on generic, and say on kernel 5.4.0 then it makes sense to follow what is below. However, if you are migrating or dual booting between newer hardware (eg. you got a........

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    request_module: runaway loop modprobe binfmt-464c Kernel panic - not syncing: No init found Pid: 1, comm: swapper/0 Not tainted This is usually caused by a mismatch in architecture and happens frequently in development environments. Here is a example of what caused this issue: Your binaries are based on one architecture Your kernel was compiled with another architecture. Why does this happe........

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    In a lot of distros like Debian, ecryptfs will mount itself in /home/yourusername/Private This is controlled by Private.mnt which may contain the mount path like this: /home/yourusername/Private Change the default mount location of ecryptfs by modifying this file: home/.ecryptfs/yourusername/.ecryptfs/Private.mnt After you unmount and relogin, you should find ecryptfs is now mo........

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    A lot of developers want to go to 3.11 because of the speed improvements, but most distros never have the latest Python version. Using the deadsnakes third party repo is the easiest way aside from compiling it yourself (which is safer and recommended): Step 1 - Add the repo apt-add-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa If you get an error about requests then install it:........

  • add bridge failed: Package not installed Linux Bridge Not working Ubuntu Mint Debian solution


    If you get this error in your logs: add bridge failed: Package not installed This error normally means one of two things. 1.) Is your brctl (bridge-utils) installed? On Mint/Debian check for "brctl". If it's not there do sudo apt install bridge-utils uml-utilities 2.) Is your bridge.ko (bridge kernel module loaded?). On some installs I have seen that you cannot modpro........

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    See below in the screenshot that copy is disabled by visual mode which enables automatically: Fix it by setting this .vimrc option: echo "set mouse-=a" >> ~/.vimrc........

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    haproxy is one of the best known and widely used Open Source load balancers out there and a strong competitor to nginx. haproxy is used by many large sites per Wikipedia: HAProxy is used by a number of high-profile websites including GoDaddy, GitHub,........

  • RHEL 8 CentOS 8, Alma Linux 8, Rocky Linux 8 System Not Booting with RAID or on other servers/computers Solution for dracut and initramfs missing kernel modules


    This seems to have changed for RHEL 8 where a normal dracut to update your initramfs creates a system that only boots for the running kernel. For example if you have Kernel 5 and then chroot into a RHEL 8 variant which uses kernel 4.18, and run dracut, it seems that by default the system will be unbootable. It is also the case that if you move your RAID array or drives to another server that it will be unbootable, because dracut seems to only include modules needed for the curre........

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    Virtualbox is a very powerful tool, but for some use cases it is less than optimal. Say you are in a work, lab or other environment where you are not alone on the physical network and there could be overlap of IPs, but you need all of your VMs to be contactable from your host, VMs need to communicate with each other, and VMs need internet. NAT Network will give you VM to VM communication and internet, however, it is buggy and unstable. It also doesn't allow host to VM co........

  • debootstrap how to install Ubuntu, Mint, Debian install


    In this example we install debian 10 with --variant=minbase which gives us a minimal/tiny install. Don't use variant if you want the full size install. mkdir /tmp/deb10files debootstrap --variant=minbase buster /tmp/deb10files/ Did you get an error? debootstrap --variant=minbase buster /home/theuser/VMs/deb10files/ You'll get this error if you make a directory in your home........

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    You can read lots of posts about this issue but there is not much information about why this is the case or how grub determines the root= device name. Some even suggest modifying grub.cfg manually which is a disaster as the next kernel update will cause grub to revert back to the device name. For most people this won't be an issue but those using template system, automated deployments and working in embedded may run into this issue with custom embedded and created minimal kernel........

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    Remember that control connections are established on port 1723 and then actual data is transferred over GRE protocol 47. If you have a NAT setup this will work without special forwarding or accepting of GRE packets (normally if you are not blocking outgoing connections and accepting established and related connections). The below two commands will get things going so PPTP and GRE work We first load the ip_nat_pptp module which allows PPTP to work with........

  • Linux How to Check Which NIC is Onboard eth0 or eth1 Ubuntu Centos Debian Mint


    So say you happen to have 2 NICs of the exact same chipset, they will generally show up as the same name, with possibly a different revision in lspci. Normally this is not an issue if you have a server with 4 NICs, generally the eth0 to eth3 appears from left to the right (or right to left on some vendors) so it doesn't take much figuring out. Generally if you have different chipsets for different NICs, it should be easy to know which one is eth0 or the first NIC in the OS.........

  • VboxManage VirtualBox NAT Network Issues Managment Troubleshooting


    If you find your NAT Network is not working properly, the first thing you may want to do is list the networks, check their status and make sure the Network is actually started and configured as you expect (eg. is DHCP on and enabled?). This is a long known, unresolved bug that seems to affect Version 6 randomly and disportionately on especially Mint 20/Ubuntu 18. https://www.virtualbox.org/ticket/1474........

  • Ubuntu Debian Mint Linux How To Update Initramfs Manually update-initramfs


    The easiest way for the current running kernel is: update-initramfs -u -k `uname -r` You could change -k to a specific kernel name if for some reason the current is not running (eg. if you are chrooted or in recovery mode). If you want to update all kernels then use "-k all" update-initramfs -k all -u update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-5.4.0-162-generic........

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    Sometimes due to your BIOS/EFI you may find that you have chosen "Energy Efficient" for your CPU which may effectively disable turbo mode. This is because "Energy Efficient" will often restrict or throttle your CPU to the base speed. This can impact nearly any CPU such as Intel's, AMDs, Opteron, Xeon etc... This is of course frustrating, for example if you have a CPU that is 2.0GHz base speed but turbo to 2.5GHz, you will never hit more than 2GHz.........

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    PCIID 2357:0138 First install your kernel headers/source: sudo apt install linux-headers-`uname -r` 1.) Clone this git repo git clone https://github.com/morrownr/88x2bu-20210702 2.) Run the install cd 88x2bu-20210702 ./install-driver.sh 3.) Load the driver mod........

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    pip3 install requests Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/user/.local/bin/pip3", line 7, in from pip._internal.cli.main import main ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pip._internal' As a quick and temp fix call the OS installed python and not the user .local/bin installed pip3 /usr/bin/pip3 install requests Collecting requests Cache e........

  • Cisco Switch / Router How To Restore Factory Default Settings


    1.) Make sure your conf register is 0x2102 Do show version and at the very end of the output you will see the Configuration register. show version Configuration register is 0x2102 If the config register is not 0x2102 then enter this command: r1#configure terminal r1(config)#config-register 0x2102 r1(config)#end 2.) Let's Erase the NVRAM/flash........

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    It is a bit different and annoying here for these types of routers/models as you need to physically remove the CF (Compact Flash) and only then, will it enter ROMMON mode (Ctrl + Pause remotely over the console will not do it for us). This means you cannot do this remotely, or at least not without the help of a remote/physical helper. Step 1.) Power off, router and remove CF Disk Slot#2 Go to the router and remove the slot#2 cover uses your hand or it may help to use a........

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    If you are in enable mode and make a typo, the router will treat it as a domain name and try to resolve it, and if it can't resolve it, you'll have to wait until it times out. Here's how to solve the Translating domain server error in Cisco Enter this in config mode: no ip domain-lookup Be sure to sav........

  • Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/network-confg (Permission denied) - How To Fix Cisco Router Switch Error Solution Console


    How To Fix This Cisco Switch/Router Error %Error opening tftp %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/network-confg (Permission denied) %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/cisconet.cfg (Permission denied) %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/router-confg (Permission denied) %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/ciscortr.cfg (Permission denied) %Error opening tftp://10.0.2.2/network-confg (Perm........

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    I've seen this bizarrely happen on a newly partitioned and custom installed Linux install, particularly if you did not properly unmount before rebooting. You can find reports of it happening on various How to fix the error: invalid arch-independent ELF magic. You need to boot into Live/Rescue mode, chroot into your OS properly and then do a grub-install on each drive that nee........

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    It may appear to be an Xorg or lightdm/gdm/mdm error but in reality for many users with this issue, it's a driver conflict and issue. I had a system that had two GPUs, an Intel and Nvidia GPU. The only thing that got it working was to remove the nouveau driver and blacklist it so it never came back, then the Intel GPU works fine without these issues. Solution sudo rmmod nouveau add nouveau/other driver to blacklist edit th........

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    Here is how Ifixed it on a Mint/Ubuntu install 1.) First download the latest AMDGPU-Pro driver from here: https://www.amd.com/en/support Navigate to your relevant video card: 2.) Download the installer One issue is that by default they give you a version for the latest version of........

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    One easy way is to use lspci -k like this: sudo lspci -k|grep modules|sort -nr|uniq Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel Kernel modules: shpchp Kernel modules: pata_acpi Kernel modules: nvidiafb, nouveau, nvidia_drm, nvidia Kernel modules: mei_me Kernel modules: lpc_ich Kernel module........

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  • How To Do Linux Network Bonding Teaming in Mint Debian Ubuntu


    Bonding is an excellent way to get both increased redundancy and throughput. It is similar to the "Network Teaming" feature in Windows. There are a few different modes but we will use mode 6, I think it's the best of both worlds, as it is not just a failover, but it provides round robin, so you will get redundancy and load balancing. So if you have a 1G single port, you will have a combined throughput of 4G at this point. Just bear in mind that the true thr........

  • GlusterFS HowTo Tutorial For Distributed Storage in Docker, Kubernetes, LXC, KVM, Proxmox


    This can be used on almost anything, since Gluster is a userspace tool, based on FUSE. This means that all Gluster appears as to any application is just a directory. Applications don't need specific support for Gluster, so long as you can tell the application to use a certain directory for storage. One application can be for redundant and scaled storage, including for within Docker and Kubernetes, LXC, Proxmox, OpenStack, etc or just your image/web/video files or even da........

  • How To Enable Linux Swapfile Instead of Partition Ubuntu Mint Debian Centos


    This may be necessary if you have a VM or if for some reason you just want to be more efficient with your space and have the flexibility of changing your swap space at will. What we mean is the ability to use a "swap file" or similar to the Windows "pagefile" that normally resides on the root or c: partition of Windows. Here's all you have to do and then you to can have a single partiton with everything, including the swap file on the root partition if you........

  • Debian Mint Ubuntu Which Package Provides missing top, ps and w Solution


    Install procps and it will install the other packages you need: apt install procps Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: libgpm2 libncurses6 libprocps7 lsb-base psmisc Suggested packages: gpm The following NEW packages will be ins........

  • Vbox Virtualbox DNS NAT Network Mode NOT working


    There is a random bug that sometimes occurs with Vbox NAT mode DNS, although it has never happened in the past and Vbox was working fine until recently. The symptom is that you can see it does get an IP+ DNS from the Vbox NAT DHCP. Below we use resolvectl dns and verify the DNS server is set to 10.0.2.3 which is the DNS from Vbox NAT. We can ping it but it does not respond to any DNS requests when we use dig @10.0.2.3 realtechtalk.com........

  • Docker Tutorial HowTo Install Docker, Use and Create Docker Container Images Clustering Swarm Mode Monitoring Service Hosting Provider


    The Best Docker Tutorial for Beginners We quickly explain the basic Docker concepts and show you how to do the most common tasks from starting your first container, to making custom images, a Docker Swarm Cluster Tutorial, docker compose and Docker buildfiles.........

  • How To Create OpenVPN Server for Secure Remote Corporate Access in Linux Debian/Mint/Ubuntu with client public key authentication


    Why choose OpenVPN instead of a firewall appliance? OpenVPN can be a reliable and easy replacement for traditional hardware or just be an additional tool that your company uses so that the firewall can focus on its job rather than acting as a VPNappliance at the same time. When comparing OpenVPN with traditional firewal........

  • Linux Debian How To Enable Sudo/Sudoers for User "User not in sudoers file" Solution


    If you get an error that you aren't in the sudoers file, this typically means that your user is not designated as an admin with sudo privileges. In plain English, when it comes to some OS's like Debian including 10,11 etc.., by default the user is created without special privileges which is contrary to how Ubuntu/Mint handle the secondary user. Let's check the sudoers file to see the problem.........

  • Ansible Tutorial - Playbook How To Install From Scratch and Deploy LAMP + Wordpress on Remote Server


    1. Let's work from an environment where we can install Ansible on. If you are using an older version of Linux based on Mint 18 or Ubuntu 16, you may want to get the PPA and get the latest version of Ansible that way: sudo apt install gpg sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ansible/ansible sudo apt update........

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    How To Install Ceph If you stopped an install of Ceph midway you will need to manually restart it with "pveceph install" Remember that your VM needs to have working internet (gateway) and DNS in order to connect to the apt repo to download all of the packages that Ceph requires. Remember to repeat these steps for each node that you want Ceph on. ........

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    In newer of versions of Virtualbox, especially above 6.0 (eg. 6.1 like the example below), a lot of times the "Enable Nested VT-x/AMD-V". If you are having this issue, you will see the option is grayed out. It doesn't mean that your computer does not support virtualization, although it is possible it is disabled in the BIOS. You can verify........

  • vi how to delete everything to the end of the line or the rest of the line from the cursor


    vi is very handy when doing a lot of config file editing and can save you time over using the mouse or using the x or delete keys to manually delete. Solution: If you don't want it to stop deleting when encountering things like - or _, then you want this: d$ Or if you want it to stop on - and _ then use this: dw Remember both commands are in "non-input mode" so not when you're........

  • Cisco Howto Configure Console Port/Terminal/Comm Server with Async Cable Setup


    This assumes that you've already installed the relevant HWIC cards eg. Cisco Asynchronous Serial NIM These are essentially cards that you install into your router, once installed you connect an Async cable to one of the ports on the card which normally gives you 8 console cables and are normally labelled 1 through 8. You connect all of the cables to the devices you need (even non-Cisco devices) whether switches, routers or firewalls, they will usually work. The real m........

  • Cisco Switch Howto Reset Password


    This was done on a 2900 but applies to all the switches of the same era. Step 1 - Power Cycle and enter recovery mode If you have physical access you can power cycle and hold the mode button down for 15 seconds. After that the SYS light will flash on the switch and you will see the following screenshot. If you don't have physical access (eg. it is a datacenter swich over console only) then power cycle and hit "Ctrl+Pause/B........

  • Cisco Router Password Reset Howto Guide Solution Cannot Login /Unknown Enable Password 2600, 2800, 2900, 3900


    It is common that you may get access to undocumented equipment and need to reset the password. This applies to many Cisco routers whether 2600, 2900, 3900 etc... Cisco's Guide says to hit Ctrl +Pause/Break but if it doesn't work on some devices causing people to say "cisco password reset pause break does not work", you can see Cisco's alternative key combinations here:........

  • Linux Mint / Ubuntu 20 Intel I219 NIC disconnects


    If you are using the stock 5.4 kernel this is normal but I can confirm it is fixed in newer 5.8 kernels. To fix it just install the 5.8 kernel and reboot: sudo apt install linux-headers-5.8.0-64-generic linux-modules-extra-5.8.0-64-generic linux-image-5.8.0-64-generic........

  • Linux can't boot/grub boot loader screen with no options solution


    Usually if you get the grub boot loader and it doesn't show any boot options, it's because grub was not installed correctly and/or the partition that it is supposed to be on has changed or does not exist. It can also happen if you install Linux to one drive, but the boot loader to another by accident, whether EFI or MBR/Legacy mode. You can normally fix your booting/bootloader/MBR/EFI it by chrooting into your root partition: #become root sudo su........

  • EFI PXE grub2 Howto guide for Linux EFI PXE Booting on Debian, Mint, Ubuntu, RHEL


    Just a quick note and warning is that if you are testing to see if EFIPXE booting works on a VM, MAKE SURE it actually works. For example Iinitially tested using my Distro's QEMU 2.5+dfsg-5ubuntu10.46 and ovmf BIOS firmware (OVMF supports EFI). However, I found on old versions of QEMU (like 2.5), EFIbooting with GRUB NEVER works so it may appear that you have made a mistake when everything is fine when you boot a physi........

  • Juniper JunOS Command Overview and Howtos Switch, Router, Firewall Tutorial Guide


    Enable "cli" mode equivalent in JunOS cli Configure Mode configure So rather than going to the console on a Cisco switch and typing "enable" and then "conf t", the equivalent in JunOS is "cli" and "configure". How Do You Apply Changes You've Made? You can make all kinds of changes to the switch, but remember they are not........

  • Linux Grub not booting the intended kernel solution in Debian, Mint, Ubuntu how to specify which kernel to boot by default


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    This was a surprising bug but I unplugged all drives for an array md127. At first it was just 1 drive and mdadm seemed to notice this. I unplugged the second drive taking the array offline but mdadm did not realize it was offline and still showed a non-existent disk as being part of it. This created problems trying to unmount it or even to stop this array with mdadm freezing. As for how to fix it I can only think of making sure you are not in a mounted path of........

  • Centos 5 OpenSSL does not support TLS 1.2 Apache Error


    [Thu Jan 26 14:13:31 2017] [notice] caught SIGTERM, shutting down [Thu Jan 26 14:14:00 2017] [notice] suEXEC mechanism enabled (wrapper: /usr/sbin/suexec) [Thu Jan 26 14:14:00 2017] [error] Server certificate is expired: 'Server-Cert' [Thu Jan 26 14:14:00 2017] [notice] SSL FIPS mode disabled [Thu Jan 26 14:14:07 2017] [notice] suEXEC mechanism enabled (wrapper: /usr/sbin/suexec) [Thu Jan 26 14:14:07 2017] [error] Server certificate is expired: 'Server-Ce........

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    Uh oh [17925926.174277] block drbd0: Handshake successful: Agreed network protocol version 96 [17925926.174325] block drbd0: conn( WFConnection -> WFReportParams ) [17925926.174342] block drbd0: Starting asender thread (from drbd0_receiver [1682]) [17925926.174432] block drbd0: data-integrity-alg: [17925926.174581] block drbd0: drbd_sync_handshake: [17925926.174586] block drbd0: self 2AAE66AF9252D6DB:2815BF........

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  • mcp55 NIC not working at boot on Centos 6.6-6.8


    forcedeth 0000:00:08.0: irq 25 for MSI/MSI-X forcedeth 0000:00:08.0: eth0: MSI enabled forcedeth 0000:00:08.0: eth0: no link during initialization ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready forcedeth 0000:00:08.0: eth0: link up ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): eth0: link becomes ready Dec 1 18:21:32 box15 kernel: forcedeth: Reverse Engineered nForce ethernet driver. Version 0.64. Dec 1 18:21:32 box15 kernel........

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    Tired of checking iotop and seeing that your drbd partition is using 99.99% of io all the time and finding your drbd device performs slow in general? This is especially an issue in versions of DRBD in the 8.3 tree in particular one documented case is on "8.3.13" but it likely applies to other devices. The symptoms are that resyncing is fine and normal but any reasonable amount of activity is very slow and lagged and creates a high server load and con........

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    We've all done this at some point, you work on the wrong shell window and this was my first time making this mistake but I deleted a partition table in fdisk, recreated it and saved it with "wq" and even ran partprobe! If you haven't rebooted yet then you can still recover your partition table, otherwise you're in big trouble. Fortunately since it was a live system and in use the kernel still had to use the old table like below:........

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    VBoxManage modifyhd "my.vdi" --resize 60000 Note the above will resize my.vdi to 60,000MB........

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    pip install obfsproxy /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py:90: InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning. InsecurePlatformWarning You are using pip version 7.1.0, however version 8.1.1 i........

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    There was a problem importing one of the Python modules required to run yum. The error leading to this problem was: No module named yum Please install a package which provides this module, or verify that the module is installed correctly. It's possible that the above module doesn't match the current version of Python, which is: 2.7.9 (default, Apr 21 2016, 16:51:58) [GCC 4.4.7 20120313........

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    Stopping httpd: [FAILED] Starting httpd: httpd: Syntax error on line 73 of /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf: Cannot load /etc/httpd/modules/mod_file_cache.so into server: /etc/httpd/modules/mod_file_cache.so: cannot open shared obje........

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    At first my BIOS said the card may not work right because there is no more option ROM space. I disabled the Option ROM for both LSI 1068 and 2008 chipsets, Network Boot ROM and most other PCI slots, Serial Port, etc... and the message went away but the card still does not work properly. But it still cannot initialize the card properly(does not work): [ 33.943272] NVRM: This PCI I/O region assigned to your NVIDIA device is invalid:........

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    To check the version of Ubuntu just use the lsb_release command as shown below and you will be able to see the exact Ubuntu version you have installed. lsb_release -a No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Release: 14.04 Codename: trusty........

  • Linksys / Cisco / Grandstream / Polycom PAP2T No delay in dialing recommended fast dial plan


    I modified the default to the following for faster local dialing for North American area codes: (*xx|[3469]11|0|00 [2-9]xxxxxxS0|[2-9]xxxxxxxxxS0|1xxx[2-9]xxxxxxS0|xxxxxxxxxxxx.) This is what I added to the above: "[2-9]xxxxxxxxxS0" so any 9 digit number is dialed instantly xxx-xxx-xxxx (the S0 at the end makes it dial right away). This makes dialing much quicker and is recommended. *No........

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    service iptables start iptables: Applying firewall rules: iptables-restore: line 40 failed [FAILED]........

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    The problem is that the default of most of these units is set for non-North American phones so the ring sounds like it cuts off and is not sequential. How To Fix the Issue Click on "Regional" and make sure you are in Advanced mode. ........

  • Redirect www host to non-www Linux Apache modrewrite


    The below forces all request to your domain to go to the main non-www root domain. Updated code: RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !=domain.com RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://newurl.com/subdir/$1 [R=301,L] If you don't want it to go to a subdirectory: RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !=domain.com RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://newurl.com/$1 [R=301,L] Bad code: This code is bad beca........

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    The best way is as below in .htaccess using modrewrite, any request that is not SSL will be redirected to https://domain.com and the exact same URL RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80 RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://domain.com/$1 [R=301,L]........

  • Virtualbox Error


    In plain English this happens after you upgrade VBOX and it rebuilds kernel modules based on a newer kernel than you are running (eg. you upgraded your kernel but haven't booted into it). It is too bad there is not a standard work around that would allow it to realize this and keep old kernel modules and use them if it detects your current kernel is older than the most recently build modules. =============== RTR3InitEx failed with rc=-1912 (rc=-1912) The........

  • Centos 6 how to guide convert LVM non-RAID into mdadm 1/10 RAID array live without reinstalling


    Here is the scenario you or a client have a remote machine that was installed as a standard/default minimal Centos 6.x machine on a single disk with LVM for whatever reason. Often many people do not know how to install it to a RAID array so it is common to have this problem and why reinstall if you don't need to? In some cases on a remote system you can't easily reinstall without physical or KVM access. So in this case you add a second physical or disk or already ha........

  • openvz yum problem Centos 6.5 cannot find file on mirror:


    #solution Edit /etc/yum.repos.d/openvz.repo For the first two entries comment out #mirrorlist and uncomment #baseurl and then it worked openvz yum problem Centos 6.5 cannot find file on mirror: yum update Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Determining fastest mirrors * openvz-kernel-rhel6: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn * openvz-utils: mirrors.ustc.edu.cn base ........

  • Virtualbox errors on Ubuntu/Debian/Mint


    The solution was to reinstall the vbox dkms package and do a manual modprobe of the modules it makes. I never sorted out the unable to start due to the USB issue, I did have the guest additions installed but the only way to boot was to change the pointing device from USB to PS2 and then to disable the USB controller (if your pointing device is set as USB, disabling USB will not work because it will re-enable by default when it sees your pointing device is USB, this is w........

  • clamav freshclam out of date won't update solution


    freshclam ERROR: Can't open /var/log/clamav/freshclam.log in append mode (check permissions!). ERROR: Problem with internal logger (UpdateLogFile = /var/log/clamav/freshclam.log). Tue Oct 13 13:49:35 2015 -> WARNING: Incremental update failed, trying to download daily.cvd Tue Oct 13 13:49:35 2015 -> WARNING: Can't download daily.cvd from db.local.clamav.net Tue Oct 13 13:49:35 2015 -> Trying again in 5 secs...........

  • Installing zoneminder on Ubuntu/Debian Linux Howto


    sudo apt-get install zoneminder [sudo] password for one: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required: libuser-perl python-evince kdebase-apps kwrite unixodbc libgnomeprint2.2-data python-soappy vgabios python-metacity hddtemp python-mediaprof........

  • status: { DRDY ERR } error: { ICRC ABRT } failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED MCP55 Linux Errors


    [ 2868.041375] ata1: EH in SWNCQ mode,QC:qc_active 0x40 sactive 0x40 [ 2868.041554] ata1: SWNCQ:qc_active 0x40 defer_bits 0x0 last_issue_tag 0x6 [ 2868.041556] dhfis 0x40 dmafis 0x40 sdbfis 0x20 [ 2868.041874] ata1: ATA_REG 0x41 ERR_REG 0x84 [ 2868.042013] ata1: tag : dhfis dmafis sdbfis sactive [ 2868.042163] ata1: tag 0x6: 1 1 0 1 [ 2868.042301] ata1.00: exception Emask 0x1 SAct 0x40 SErr 0x400000 action 0x6 frozen [........

  • initial Main Mode message received on 192.168.5.94:500 but no connection has been authorized with policy=PSK


    If you are getting this error from Pluto/IPSEC it is almost always due to a routing or NAT issue.........

  • Centos/obfsproxy errors


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    Message from syslogd@server at Sep 14 11:35:59 ... kernel:[Hardware Error]: MC4 Error (node 1): DRAM ECC error detected on the NB. Message from syslogd@server at Sep 14 11:35:59 ... kernel:[Hardware Error]: Error Status: Corrected error, no action required. Message from syslogd@server at Sep 14 11:35:59 ... kernel:[Hardware Error]: CPU:6 (10:8:0) MC4_STATUS[Over|CE|MiscV|-|AddrV|CECC]: 0xdc00400021080813........

  • HP Procurve Switch 2824 CLI Telnet Experience , Guide and Tutorial


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  • Linux check NIC ethernet port network card speed


    ethtool eth0 Settings for eth0: Supported ports: [ TP MII ] Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full 100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full ........

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  • Linux Kernel EDAC errors EDAC MC0: UE row 0, channel-a= 0 channel-b= 1 labels "-": NON-FATAL recoverable (Branch=0 DRAM-Bank=0 Buffer ID = 0 RDWR=Read RAS=0 CAS=0 NON-FATAL recoverable Err=0x800 (Non-Aliased Uncorrectable Patrol Data ECC))


    I'm not sure why I'm getting these but all memory modules are the exact same and all passed memtest successfully although they are ECC. I've heard that ECC RAM can't be tested as well and the kernel seems to indicate they are non-fatl recoverable errors. I wonder if the BIOS has aggressive RAM timing or maybe the controller or motherboard is bad. [ 12.716515] EDAC MC: Ver: 2.1.0 [ 12.717771] EDAC MC0: Giving out device to........

  • How to install grub on virtio KVM with Linux


    I messed up the bootloader by accident on a standard Centos 6.3 install because I turned the /dev/vda1 boot partition into an mdadm raid 1. This was all done correctly aside from one point Ididn't realize was an issue metadata=00.90 is the only thing that will allow you to boot (otherwise grub won't work and you won't boot). So the next step is rescue mode from a CD right? The problem you will find is that grub does not detect your hard drives, this is Ibelieve is be........

  • OpenVZ vzctl update changes how iptables work - iptables v1.3.5: can't initialize iptables table `nat': Table does not exist (do you need to insmod?) Perhaps iptables or your kernel needs to be upgraded. updated solution


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  • Samsung C410W/CLP410W not printing in Linux solution


    You need to use the Samsung driver but specify it as a CLP-360 (this is what I used for my CLP365) and incidentally most of these units look identical on the outside on inside (I've been buying whatever the latest C300 and now 400 unit for years which all seem the same with slightly different features that I never use). The solution Once again try specifying earlier models and revisions if the printer doesn't print (it will say it's been sent to the printer bu........

  • How to root and unlock S4 in Canada Bell/Rogers/Telus/Fido I337 4.4.2


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    iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -m tcp -d 192.168.2.1/32 --dport 3389 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.5.2:3389 iptables v1.4.7: can't initialize iptables table `nat': Table does not exist (do you need to insmod?) Perhaps iptables or your kernel needs to be upgraded. The above is often because you don't have the correct modules loaded on the hostnode or enabled for the container but in some cases it's actually a weird openvz setting. Che........

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    The most common solution is to use the /etc/postfix/header_checks but this is a big problem. Why is header_checks a problem? Because it does it to all mail whether incoming or outgoing and whether authenticated or not. We of course want as much header information for incoming as we can get for many reasons but many organizations want to secure and make their mail clients as secure as possible. I adapted this solution to the client's custom config, they are configur........

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    I struggled with this for awhile because sometimes you have rewritten URLs that you want to pass a query string but most of the info and examples do not support this. Take a typical example like this: RewriteRule ^(.*)-(.*)-(.*) /?module=$3&id=$2 You need to add the QSA flag to make it work like below: RewriteRule ^(.*)-(.*)-(.*) /?module=$3&id=$2 [QSA] The QSA preserves the original query string but also appends it wit........

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    It was hard to find this as I find most online payment processors don't just put the basic information in plain view. Remember to set your sid (your seller id). The below can easily be turned into a scripted PHP template to integrate into your own custom or existing payment solution. http://help.2checkout.com/articles/How_to/How-to-Sell-Recurring-Products-with-2Checkout/........

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    CPanel says you can access 98% of the functions through CLI which experienced Unix/Linux admins prefer for simplicity and for scripting.  I've never found CPanel easy to use from the admin panel, it seems everything is hard to find and a simple task becomes a series of hunts. So for people like me here's the list: http://cpanel.net/system-administrators/command-line-scrip........

  • phpBB create new email hash manually when modifying or adding user manually directly through MySQL


    Many may ask why would you need to do this? When upgrading from phpBB 2 to 3 the conversion does not keep the admin user you create. If your old admin user has an email address associated that no longer works or is accessible this makes it impossible to reset the admin password. Some may just say "I'll just manually edit the e-mail address" but it won't work and phpBB will fail to find that user if you don't update the "user_email_hash" field but how do........

  • drbd 8.3 hard drive failure recovery example


    drbd 8.3 hard drive failure recovery drbdadm attach r0 DRBD module version: 8.3.10 userland version: 8.3.8 you should upgrade your drbd tools! 0: Failure: (119) No valid meta-data signature found. ==> Use 'drbdadm create-md res' to initialize meta-data area. ........

  • error: Legacy syntax is unsupported: copyright error: line 10: Unknown tag: Copyright: distributable


    Usually just modify the .spec file to resolve this: vi specfile.spec Change "Copyright: GPL" to "License: GPL" and try again.........

  • drbd won't create device if previous partition is on it Command 'drbdmeta 0 v08 /dev/md160 internal create-md' terminated with exit code 40


    This is what fixed it: [root@box13 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/md160 bs=512 count=500 Basically you need to wipe out more than just the 512 byte partition table so 512 bytes * 500 is more than enough to make DRBD happy and think the partition is now empty. The reason this happens is because it gets confused when there is a previous partition with data on the device you are using. root@box13 ~]# d........

  • drbd won't sync 8.3.13 on OpenVZ kernel


    I used the matching 8.3.13 utilities and it didn't work but strangely the newer 8.3.16 which makes DRBD complain works just fine. GIT-hash: 83ca112086600faacab2f157bc5a9324f7bd7f77 build by root@sighted, 2012-10-09 12:47:51  0: cs:SyncSource ro:Secondary/Primary ds:UpToDate/Inconsistent A r-----     ns:0 nr:0 dw:0 dr:0 al:0 bm:0 lo:0 pe:0 ua:0 ap:0 ep:1 wo:b oos:5236960   &am........

  • Asterisk VOIP Sipura/Linksys PAP2T Calls Not Being Received Solution


    This problem seemed to happen recently but was likely causing issues before where the phone(s) do not ring. Now there are a few reasons why this can happen especially if your adapter has DND mode enabled (disable it). However that wasn't my issue and Ionly figured it out the other day when by fluke if you're on the phone (making a call) then calls will come in. That's when Ifigured out the solution: This likely app........

  • OpenVZ mismatched kernel and dev when compiling.


    ./configure ./configure: line 91: cd: /lib/modules/2.6.32-042stab084.25/build: No such file or directory Error: kernel version not found. Please make sure your kernel is configured. dr-xr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Feb 21 06:13 .. lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 45 Feb 21 06:13 build -> ../../../usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-042stab084.25 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 12 20........

  • NVIDIA GeForce GT 610 not working in Linux solution - use older 304.117 driver


    Iused the slightly older "304.117" version and it worked. With the newest version Icouldn't get X to start and kept getting these errors in messages/dmesg. [ 2346.083660] nvidia 0000:01:00.0: irq 44 for MSI/MSI-X [ 2350.608342] NVRM: RmInitAdapter failed! (0x12:0x2b:1831) [ 2350.608354] NVRM: rm_init_adapter failed for device bearing minor number 0 [ 2350.608369] NVRM: nvidia_frontend_open: minor 0, module->open() failed, err........

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    Client Log OpenSSH_4.3p2, OpenSSL 0.9.8e-fips-rhel5 01 Jul 2008 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to 192.168.1.253 [192.168.1.253] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: permanently_set_uid: 0/0 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/identity type -1 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/id_d........

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    The best way is to use rsync, I've set it up so it doesn't copy unnecessary files, or at least ones I'm sure aren't needed. Here is the rsync command Iused (adapt to your specific Thunderbird profile location): rsync -hazv user@remotehost.com:/home/user/.thunderbird/sbrer.default/* /home/user/.thunderbird/4nyb0.default/ --exclude=global* --exclude=Cache --exclude=ImapMail --exclude=Mail This is a great way to get your e-mail accounts going on a new c........

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    qemu-img create -b centos.5-8.x86.20120308.qcow2 -f qcow2 ../kvmguests/25000-centos5.8x86.qcow2 Formatting '../kvmguests/25000-centos5.8x86.qcow2', fmt=qcow2, backing_file=centos.5-8.x86.20120308.qcow2, size=10485760 kB -b the source/base image -f format is qcow2 and the location of the destination image What is so special about this? It's even quicker than creating a template with OpenVZ but this is an actual OS. It saves time a........

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    VBoxManage modifyhd XP.vdi --resize 15000 VBoxManage modifyhd XP.vdi --resize 15000 0%...10%...20%...30%...40%...50%...60%...70%...80%...90%...100% That resizes the virtual hard drive image "XP.vdi" to 15000MB instantly. I doubt this is safe to do while the VM is running and I'm not sure if it would attempt it still but turn the VM off first to be safe. I also notice in the VBOX GUI that it still shows the orig........

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    [ 12.460014] ata1: SRST failed (errno=-16) [ 17.626677] ata1: link is slow to respond, please be patient (ready=0) [ 22.480011] ata1: SRST failed (errno=-16) [ 27.646681] ata1: link is slow to respond, please be patient (ready=0) [ 38.106817] ata1.01: failed to IDENTIFY (INIT_DEV_PARAMS failed, err_mask=0x80) [ 48.266676] ata1: link is slow to respond, please be patient (ready=0)........

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    I've encountered this problem before and I believe it may affect other drivers (I could test but I don't have time). This was happening on my custom Linux system with the pcnet32 driver. pcnet32: eth0: transmit timed out, status 97fb, resetting (and some other kernel module tracing in dmesg) Basically it means the card is connected (it shows connected in full duplex etc.. and recognized if the cable is disconnected too) but no packets can be sent or received........

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    fdisk -lu VPS.img last_lba(): I don't know how to handle files with mode 81ed You must set cylinders. You can do this from the extra functions menu. Disk VPS.img: 0 MB, 0 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 0 cylinders, total 0 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Device Boot Start End ........

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  • iPhone 3GS 32GB "Harsh Review"


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    There's a lot of information and guides on OCFS2 for RHELand Centos Linux but the package setup and configuration is slightly different and this has thrown some people off. Installing OC2FS You should install the following packages to get started: apt-get install ocfs2-tools ocfs2console Configure OC2FS In RHEL/Centos the main configuration file is located in /etc/sysconfig/o2cb However in Debian based Linux it is located........

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